Data on the number of registered patients with chronic gastritis for 2017-2019.

Gastritis - inflammatory or inflammatory-dystrophic changes in the mucous membrane) is a collective concept used to designate inflammatory and dystrophic changes in the gastric mucosa of various origins and courses. Damage to the mucous membrane can be primary, considered as an independent disease, and secondary, caused by other infectious and non-infectious diseases or intoxication. Depending on the intensity and duration of action of the damaging factors, the pathological process can be acute, occurring predominantly with inflammatory changes, or chronic, accompanied by structural changes and progressive atrophy of the mucous membrane. Accordingly, there are two main forms: acute and chronic gastritis. Separately, we consider alcoholic gastritis, which develops against the background of alcohol abuse.

In Russia there are no statistics regarding different forms of gastritis. In those countries where such statistics are available, chronic gastritis is recorded in 80-90% of patients with gastritis, while the most dangerous form of gastritis, related to the so-called “precancerous conditions” - atrophic gastritis is found in patients under 30 years of age in 5% of cases , in patients aged 31 to 50 years - in 30% of cases, in patients over 50 years old - in 50-70% of cases.

Gastritis also occurs in animals, including cats and dogs.

Acute gastritis

Acute gastritis is an acute inflammation of the gastric mucosa caused by a single exposure to strong irritants. Acute gastritis often develops as a result of chemical irritants entering the stomach, taking certain medications, or eating low-quality food contaminated with pathogens. In addition, acute gastritis can also occur against the background of other general diseases, often with acute infections or metabolic disorders.

Depending on the clinical manifestations and the nature of damage to the gastric mucosa, the following types of acute gastritis are considered: catarrhal, fibrinous, corrosive and phlegmonous.

Catarrhal gastritis is most often a consequence of food poisoning and poor nutrition. It is characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes into the gastric mucosa, inflammatory hyperemia, and degenerative changes in the epithelium.

Fibrinous gastritis occurs due to poisoning with acids, sublimate, or severe infectious diseases. Acute fibrinous gastritis is manifested by diphtheritic inflammation of the gastric mucosa.

Corrosive gastritis occurs due to the ingestion of concentrated acids or alkalis, or salts of heavy metals into the stomach. Corrosive gastritis is characterized by necrotic changes in stomach tissue.

The causes of phlegmonous gastritis are injuries and complications after peptic ulcers or stomach cancer, and some infectious diseases. It is characterized by purulent melting of the stomach wall and the spread of pus throughout the submucosal layer.

The causes of acute gastritis are:

regular intake of alcohol and its substitutes
taking certain medications
hypersensitivity to certain foods
ingestion of chemicals (strong acid bases, arsenic compounds, phosphorus, iodine, etc.) into the stomach.
infectious diseases (flu, measles, scarlet fever)
burn disease
chronic renal failure.

Clinical manifestations of acute gastritis:

- nausea
- pain in the epigastric region
- increase in body temperature to subfebrile levels
- general weakness
- vomiting food mixed with mucus and bile
- Coated tongue and bad breath.

Chronic gastritis is one of the most common diseases of the digestive system.

Treatment of acute gastritis

The main thing in the treatment of acute gastritis is to eliminate the causes of its occurrence. To cleanse the stomach, the patient is given 2-3 glasses of warm water and induced vomiting. In case of toxic infectious or chemical poisoning, in the first hours, wash the stomach with warm water using a thick gastric tube. Rinsing is carried out to clean water. During the first 24 hours, no food is taken; warm, fractional drinks (preferred) or a water-tea diet are prescribed. Then the diet is gradually expanded, adhering to the principle of mechanical, thermal and chemical sparing. Gradually include slimy soups, liquid pureed porridges, jelly, fruit jellies, soft-boiled eggs, and white flour crackers into the diet.

To eliminate pain, take antispasmodics, anticholinergics, and antacids. It is recommended to take enterosorbents (smecta and others). For vomiting, prokinetics are prescribed. For acute toxicoinfectious gastritis - antibiotics (aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, biseptol and others). In severe acute gastritis, glucose solution, saline solution, and potassium preparations are administered parenterally to correct water and electrolyte disturbances.

Young-green and with gastritis. This disease affects approximately 60% of the world's population

During an attack of gastritis, the patient loses his appetite, develops an unpleasant taste in the mouth, nausea and pressure in the epigastric region. Photo Depositphotos/PhotoXPress.ru

It is known that many chronic ailments worsen in the spring. Among them is gastritis - inflammation of the gastric mucosa. One of the possible reasons for its exacerbation is the transition from a heavy (fat) winter diet to a lighter spring diet. In addition, lack of vitamins, as well as stress, affects it. What kind of disease is gastritis? Why does it occur and how does it manifest itself? What is the treatment for this disease?

Let's turn to statistics. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 60% of the world's population suffers from gastritis, with more men than women. It does not bypass children and adolescents, occupying 4th place in prevalence among gastrointestinal diseases in this age category.

In clinical practice, acute and chronic gastritis are distinguished. Acute inflammation of the gastric mucosa means an attack of the disease that occurs for the first time in a person. According to statistics, every second person experiences its symptoms at least once in their life.

Among the types of acute illness, in 70% of cases we are talking about catarrhal gastritis. Typically, the disease develops as a result of eating poor quality, fatty, spicy, excessively hot or cold food. It is characterized by loss of appetite, unpleasant taste in the mouth, a feeling of fullness and pressure in the epigastric region, belching, and nausea. The patient experiences cramping abdominal pain, as well as flatulence and diarrhea.

Another type of acute gastritis - erosive - occurs due to the proliferation of the Helicobacter Pylori bacterium present in the gastric mucosa. In addition, the appearance of erosions (surface defects of the mucous membrane) is facilitated by frequent stress, taking medications, especially salicylates (aspirin), alcohol abuse, and smoking.

The clinical picture of this type of gastritis is characterized not only by nausea, vomiting, pain in the epigastric region, but also by gastric bleeding. They are caused by the presence of multiple erosions on the gastric mucosa, so the patient needs emergency care in a hospital. The basic principles of treating acute gastritis are eliminating the cause of the disease and preventing complications.

Help for the patient begins with gastric lavage. He should drink 2 liters of warm boiled water and, pressing his fingers on the root of the tongue, induce vomiting. In some cases, washing is carried out using a probe. Then the patient is put to bed and provided with complete rest. During the first 24 hours, fasting is advisable. With erosive gastritis, the first step is to stop the bleeding. If the illness is caused by an infection, antibiotics are prescribed. In case of damage to the mucous membranes by drugs, a replacement is sought.

On the second day, it is recommended to drink tea, a decoction of rose hips, pureed soup or low-fat broth is allowed. Subsequently, a gentle diet is indicated for several days. Medications for acute gastritis include painkillers, antacids (medicines that reduce acidity), enveloping agents, and, if necessary, antibiotics that destroy the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori. The duration of the disease in acute catarrhal gastritis usually does not exceed three to four days. However, after the course of treatment, it is necessary to follow a gentle diet so that the disease does not return.

Now about chronic gastritis, which occurs in every third patient suffering from diseases of the digestive system. In 90% of cases, it occurs as a result of the destructive effect of the Helicobacter Pylori bacterium on the gastric mucosa. Among the contributing factors, it should be noted the predominance of spicy and fried foods, seasonings, spices in the menu, and the intake of excessively hot or cold food. In addition, untreated acute gastritis, metabolic disorders, chronic infectious diseases, and long-term use of medications that irritate the gastric mucosa can lead to the development of the disease.

Treatment of chronic gastritis is aimed primarily at eliminating the cause of its occurrence, for example, quitting smoking, eliminating the source of infection in the oral cavity (tonsillitis). Depending on the acidity of gastric juice, the doctor will definitely recommend an appropriate gentle diet. Drug therapy consists, in particular, of prescribing antibiotics, as well as drugs that normalize acidity, painkillers, and vitamins.

During an exacerbation of the disease, it is advisable for the patient to remain in bed for two or three days, and limit food intake to weak tea and half-and-half milk. As the inflammatory process decreases, patients with low acidity can include meat soups, fish and meat cutlets, coffee, and tea in the menu. And with high acidity - vegetable soups, steamed cutlets, boiled fish.

Chronic gastritis

Chronic gastritis is a long-term, recurrent inflammatory lesion of the gastric mucosa, which occurs with its structural restructuring and dysfunction of the stomach. Chronic gastritis often develops asymptomatically.

There are two main forms of chronic disease: superficial and atrophic gastritis. These terms, based on the results of endoscopic studies of the gastric mucosa, were first proposed in 1948 by the German surgeon Schindler. These terms have received universal recognition and are reflected in the classification of gastritis according to ICD-10. The division is based on the factor of preservation or loss of normal glands, which has obvious functional and prognostic significance. In addition to the two main forms, there are also special forms of chronic gastritis: atrophic-hyperplastic gastritis, hypertrophic gastritis, giant hypertrophic gastritis (Menetrier's disease), lymphocytic, granulomatous (Crohn's disease, sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis of gastric localization), collagen, eosinophilic, radiation, infectious.

Gastritis - a modern disease

Nutrition is an integral and vital element in human life. But not everyone pays due attention to this. Some people eat on the go, others ignore breakfast, eat snacks throughout the day, and eat their entire daily diet for dinner. We are what we drink and eat. As medical statistics show, both the first and second of the modern city dweller want the best. The body fights modern nutrition technologies with all its might. The first blow of food insecurity is taken by the stomach. This unequal struggle and the symbol of defeat in it is a manifesto of gastritis, truly one of the leading diseases of our time.

Gastritis is the general name for diseases that cause inflammation of the stomach lining. Most often we deal with chronic gastritis. Several different risk factors, alone or in combination with each other, can cause the development of chronic gastritis.

Here are the most common ones:

The bacterium Helicobacter Pylori . Excessive proliferation of this bacterium in the stomach leads to irritation of the intestinal mucosa and even the development of erosions. Helicobacter is also considered a serious factor in the development of peptic ulcers, stomach and small intestine cancer. Scientists are inclined to contact-household transmission of infection from the patient and the carrier through saliva, utensils, etc.
Smoking and alcohol. Strong alcoholic drinks, carbonated drinks, and drinks containing acid cause irritation and chemical burns to the walls of the stomach. Smoking, in turn, stimulates excess secretion of gastric juice.
Abuse of drugs that can irritate the walls of the stomach. These include anti-inflammatory drugs and medications containing acids.
Prolonged and severe stress. Mental stress causes an overproduction of acid in the stomach, which irritates its walls.
A diet containing insufficient fiber. Fiber helps the gastrointestinal tract function properly.
A diet rich in processed foods: canned food, smoked meats, sausages - and poor in fresh foods. Such nutrition leads to an increase in the secretion of gastric juice, which irritates the walls of the stomach.

So, chronic gastritis is caused by a variety of reasons: from bacterial infection to smoking and poor diet. Give up bad habits and try to eat right to avoid developing gastritis.

The first signs of gastritis

Often gastritis is asymptomatic, however, sooner or later, symptoms of gastritis still appear. It can be:

- pain in the upper abdomen, which intensifies after eating; - constant pain in the area of the lower ribs; - belching; - bloating; - lack of appetite; - nausea; - dark stool; - vomit.

Any of these symptoms is a reason to visit a therapist. Self-medication and refusal to see a doctor can be extremely dangerous. Medicines prescribed by a doctor not only help alleviate the patient’s condition by reducing pain - in some cases, without specific treatment, the disease can progress. It is not always possible to cure with diet alone.

Gastritis is the first point in a chain of dangerous conditions - ulcers, precancer, stomach cancer. Gastritis cured in time will become the first and last link in this chain.

In order for gastritis to start quickly and aggressively, certain preparatory work is necessary in the form of fast food, unsystematic and unregulated nutrition. The patient’s quality of life depends on the extent of the disease. In mild forms, appetite is preserved and symptoms are not expressed. More severe forms include lack of appetite, weight loss, deterioration in the appearance of skin, hair, nails and other things, changes in blood biochemistry, chronic fatigue syndrome.

Despite the severe symptoms, an accurate diagnosis of gastritis can only be made after a fibrogastroduodenoscopic examination (FGDS). This procedure involves preparation: fasting for at least 10–12 hours before the test (therefore, the test is usually scheduled for the first half of the day). The essence of FGDS is the examination of the walls of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using a microcamera, as well as the collection of material for research. This can include gastric juice and scraping (biopsy) of ulcerated areas of the digestive system. Subsequently, this material is sent to the laboratory and the main thing is determined - whether the same Helicobacter pylori (a bacterium that causes various gastrointestinal diseases) is present at the site of ulceration.

We asked questions to Tatyana Lisovskaya, head of the advisory and health department of the Center for Medical Prevention. “What should be done in order not to cause diseases of the digestive system ?” “What to do if this disease has been identified?”

Considering the reasons that contribute to the development of gastritis, the following rules must be observed.

1. Eat right. It is necessary to ensure a balanced composition of the diet in terms of protein, fat, carbohydrates and vitamins, which would meet the physiological needs of the body. It is necessary to adhere to a clear eating schedule during the day, so that breakfast, lunch and dinner take place at certain hours. You need to have dinner no later than four hours before bedtime. It is necessary to avoid long breaks between meals, dry eating, and hasty eating “on the go.”

Overeating (especially before bedtime) should be avoided. Eating food in small quantities will protect the gastric mucosa from excessive stress. Don’t forget that everything you eat needs to be digested and absorbed, and all this plays a big role in the prevention of gastritis.

Try to chew your food as finely as possible. If you don’t do this, the entire load will fall on your stomach, and then after eating you will feel the same heaviness that is one of the symptoms of gastritis. Avoiding foods that are too hot or too cold is important; from consuming fatty, smoked, spicy, as well as poor-quality and indigestible food products.

2. Give up alcohol . Experts believe that even one serving of alcohol per day causes damage to the walls of the stomach.

3. Quit smoking . Inhaling tobacco smoke increases the production of gastric acid. At the same time, resins that enter the stomach with saliva irritate its walls. Smoking on an empty stomach is especially dangerous.

4. Deal with stress . Excessive and prolonged stress causes overproduction of acid in the stomach, which irritates the stomach lining and leads to gastritis. Learn to control your emotions.

5. Observe personal hygiene rules to avoid infection with the Helicobacter Pylori bacterium.

If, despite following all the recommendations for the prevention of gastritis, you develop symptoms, you need to consult a doctor, undergo an examination to confirm the diagnosis and prescribe treatment. If the diagnosis of gastritis is confirmed, the doctor will prescribe the necessary treatment, including antibiotics that will kill Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of gastritis.

Nutrition for chronic gastritis should be complete. However, it is selected so as not to irritate the gastric mucosa physically and mechanically. For any type of gastritis, the following are strictly contraindicated: rye bread, freshly baked flour products, beans, peas, lentils, fatty meats and fish, fried potatoes, cabbage, onions, sweets and chocolate, sour cream, hard cheeses, fruits with peels.

When the condition of the digestive organs improves, you can begin to eat almost as before the disease, excluding fatty and spicy foods.

Now you know what and how to do so that gastritis does not become the number one problem.

Varvara Koblyakova

correspondent

article from the site https://cmphmao.ru/node/32342

Etiology of chronic gastritis

The appearance and development of chronic gastritis is determined by the influence of many factors on the stomach tissue. The main external (exogenous) etiological factors contributing to the occurrence of chronic gastritis are:

the most significant is infection of the stomach by Helicobacter pylori and, to a lesser extent, other bacteria or fungi;
eating disorders;
bad habits: alcoholism and smoking;
long-term use of medications that irritate the gastric mucosa, especially glucocorticoid hormones and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetylsalicylic acid;
exposure to radiation and chemicals on the mucous membrane;
parasitic infestations;
chronic stress.

Internal (endogenous) factors contributing to the occurrence of chronic gastritis are:

genetic predisposition;
duodenogastric reflux;
autoimmune processes that damage stomach cells
endogenous intoxications;
hypoxemia;
chronic infectious diseases;
metabolic disorders;
endocrine dysfunctions;
lack of vitamins;
reflex effects on the stomach from other affected organs.

Gastritis

The gastrointestinal tract, in fact, is a biochemical laboratory that begins its work from the moment food enters the oral cavity. Food entering the stomach stretches its walls, causing them to contract in waves and release hydrochloric acid and pepsin, i.e. gastric juices.

The digestion process in this section of the digestive tract lasts about six hours, during which time the food is completely saturated with gastric juice, one of the components of which, hydrochloric acid, disinfects it and does not allow pathogenic and opportunistic microbes to pass into the lower sections.

Next, the food is exposed to alkali, as it must be neutralized. And when, in this way, the food bolus is prepared, it then enters the duodenum. The function of the stomach is to chemically prepare food and transport it to the lower parts of the digestive tract. When a person is healthy, these processes go unnoticed, without causing any discomfort. Discomfort caused by eating is a sign of poor stomach health.

The diagnosis of “chronic gastritis” is present in half of the world’s population. The medical term "gastritis" comes from the Greek gaster - "stomach". It is characterized by an inflammatory process in the gastric mucosa, with structural changes occurring in it. Motility, secretory (excretory) and endocrine (absorption) functions are impaired.

Medicine defines three main types of gastritis - each of which has its own clinical manifestations.

Autoimmune gastritis (type A)

It develops when the human immune system perceives mucosal cells as “foreign.” These cells are responsible for the production of hydrochloric acid and if such disorders are present, the acidity of gastric juice drops and digestive ability deteriorates. The peristalsis of the stomach decreases, food lingers in it for a long time. A serious consequence of autoimmune gastritis is anemia caused by a lack of vitamin B12.

Chronic Helicobacter gastritis (type B)

Almost 70% of gastritis is associated with the pathogenic action of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. They produce substances that damage the gastric mucosa, thereby increasing the effect of harmful factors, such as poor diet, alcohol, smoking, and stress. Trying to protect themselves, cells increase the secretion of hydrochloric acid and trigger immune reactions. This just increases inflammation and damage to the mucous membrane. Autoimmune and Helicobacter gastritis are characterized by similar symptoms. Heaviness and pain in the stomach that occurs immediately after eating, belching, unpleasant odor, vomiting, heartburn.

Helicobacter

- long-lived in our digestive system, they have existed for more than 11 thousand years and are found in 20-60 people out of a hundred. But this microorganism does not cause chronic gastritis in everyone. Helicobacter pylori is a low pathogenic bacterium. At the same time, in people with a natural predisposition, it easily causes inflammatory processes, waiting in the wings until stress, nutritional disorders, and infections provoke its activation. Increased sensitivity of the mucous membrane to Helicobacter pylori can cause acute gastritis.

This is when our immunity becomes the most important tool in the fight against pathogens. If it is sufficient, the body wins and destroys Helicobacter. When there is a lack of immune response, bacteria develop, some of which produce a toxin that causes ulcers. Gastritis is complicated by peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum.

Researchers have proven that prolonged exposure to bacteria causes wall atrophy. In the future, this can lead to the appearance of cancer. In this regard, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the World Health Organization in 1994 classified Helicobacter pylori as a class 1 carcinogen.

Chronic reactive gastritis (type C)

Caused by the action of chemical agents. Long-term use of medications, especially antipyretics, analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, which irritate the gastric mucosa and negatively affect secretory function, is a significant risk factor. A particular danger in the occurrence of chronic gastritis is caused by man-made pollution: industrial dust, chemicals, radionuclides, fatty acids and alkalis.

The development of reactive gastritis can provoke reflex duodenitis. As a result of contraction, bile and the contents of the duodenum, which has an alkaline reaction, are thrown into the stomach. As a result of the connection with hydrochloric acid in the stomach, a neutralization reaction begins, leading to damage to the mucous membrane of the pyloric region, a decrease in acidity and a disruption of its digestive ability. Occurring before meals and an hour after, cramping pain, heartburn, bloating, nausea, vomiting bile are symptoms of reactive gastritis.

Symptoms of gastritis

With chronic gastritis, the following symptoms may be present: Poor appetite, belching, heartburn, nausea, intermittent vomiting. Feeling of burning, fullness, pain in the epigastric region while eating. Loose stools or constipation, bloating and rumbling, painful, false urge to defecate

The disease chronic gastritis has periods of remission and exacerbation, which usually occurs in spring and autumn. And also in the presence of other aggressive factors.

The causes of gastritis can be a number of ailments: diseases of the blood circulation, cardiovascular system, which lead to oxygen starvation of the stomach tissues. Uremia, pneumosclerosis, emphysema, kidney disease, liver disease, endocrine diseases. Metabolic disorders, in particular - obesity, gout, diabetes, iron deficiency.

Among the main reasons for the occurrence of gastritis, the quality of food is of particular importance: fatty and coarse, spicy and hot, high-calorie, unbalanced, as well as the lack of main components in it - proteins, vitamins, macro and microelements. Poor diet, smoking and alcohol lead to gastrointestinal diseases and gastritis. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can be inherited, i.e. gastritis can be genetically determined.

The environmental reason remains very important. In such disadvantaged areas, the incidence of gastroduodenal diseases is 2.5 times higher than in “clean” areas. In people living in poor environmental conditions, the course of the disease is more severe, with pronounced functional impairment.

The next cause of gastritis is stressful situations, since the functioning of the stomach directly depends on the supply of blood to the mucous membrane. The stomach produces a large amount of hydrochloric acid, such an environment causes almost any cell to disintegrate. The protective shell of mucus is less than one millimeter thick. In a person exposed to stress factors, blood flow in the walls of the stomach, the production of protective mucus is disrupted, and the cells of the stomach are exposed to the aggressive effects of their own acid.

From the above it follows that any inflammation of the stomach begins with structural changes in the mucous membrane.

Such structural changes have another negative side, since absorption increases, which often leads to intoxication of the stomach and the entire body. The general condition worsens, the person quickly gets tired, and performance decreases, especially during intense physical activity.

Over time, due to the cessation of production of a factor involved in hematopoiesis, anemia develops. The duodenum, pancreas, and bile ducts begin to participate in the process - gastroduodenitis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis. A peptic ulcer develops, which can lead to stomach cancer. Source: Good Health.RU based on medical publications

Helicobacter pylori

In the second half of the 20th century, a previously unknown factor was identified, which today is considered one of the first places in the etiology of chronic gastritis. Helicobacter pylori is a spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium that infects various areas of the stomach and duodenum. Many cases of gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastritis, duodenitis, and possibly some cases of gastric lymphoma and gastric cancer are etiologically associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. The successful experience with self-infection of one of the discoverers of the role of Helicobacter pylori in the development of diseases of the stomach and duodenum - Barry Marshall and a group of volunteers served as convincing evidence of this theory. In 2005, Barry Marshall and his colleague Robin Warren were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discovery.

However, the majority (up to 90%) of infected Helicobacter pylori carriers do not show any symptoms of disease. Not every chronic gastritis has a bacterial cause.

Almost the entire population of Russia is infected with a bacterium that causes stomach cancer, gastritis and ulcers.

Infection in Russia with the “Nobel” bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which causes stomach cancer, gastritis and ulcers, is approaching one hundred percent, the chief gastroenterologist of St. Petersburg, Evgeniy Tkachenko, told Interfax, NEWSru.com reports.

Barry Marshall and Robin Warren received this year's Nobel Prize in Medicine

for
“the discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and the study of its role in gastritis and gastric ulcers.”
Until recently, doctors attributed the occurrence of ulcers mainly to stress and poor lifestyle.

However, Australians have found that 90% of cases of duodenal ulcers and up to 80% of cases of gastritis are explained by the activity of Helicobacter pylori.

About two-thirds of the world's population is infected with this bacterium, but most people never experience any symptoms.

The degree of infestation varies significantly depending on the continent. “In Russia and Africa there is one hundred percent invasion by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which causes cancer, gastritis and stomach ulcers, while in the European Union there is zero invasion,”

– says Evgeniy Tkachenko.

In Russia, despite the high danger of the disease, “only 6-8 cases out of 100 are realized”

, said the St. Petersburg gastroenterologist.
“The bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which causes all these diseases, is a rather weak pathogen and can exist in the body for a long time without manifesting itself.
But an ulcer or stomach cancer begins to develop if other risk factors are combined, for example: disruption of eating rhythms, emotional stress, increased acidity,” Tkachenko explained.

According to him, the main reason for infection with this bacterium is failure to comply with personal hygiene rules. The bacterium Helicobacter pylori settles in the stomach for a long time, and with treatment it is eradicated by 80-90%.

“To change the situation in Russia it is necessary to influence the psyche of the average person. We need to invest in people from childhood - if you want to be happy, be healthy,”

- says the doctor.

There are no exact statistics on gastric diseases in Russia. It is known, however, that in the United States approximately 500 thousand primary cases and 4 million relapses of gastric ulcers are registered annually. Doctors believe that the prevalence of the disease in Russia is not inferior to that in the States.

“Thanks to the revolutionary discovery of Marshall and Warren, ulcers of the digestive organs have ceased to be a chronic disease, often leading to forced inactivity. It is now a disease that can be treated in a short period of time with antibiotics and acid secretion inhibitors.”

, says the Nobel Committee in its submission.

Barry Marshall, 54, works in a research laboratory at the University of Western Australia Medical Centre. Robin Warren, 68, works in Perth. They made their unexpected discovery in 1982,

but for a long time no one believed them. Barry Marshall, having conducted an experiment on himself and a volunteer, drinking a culture of bacteria, experimentally proved that this type of bacteria is the root cause of diseases with terrible oncological consequences: a gastric biopsy confirmed the development of gastritis in both cases.

How does infection occur?

In the medical literature of the 80s, the possibility of bacteria settling in the stomach was questioned due to the high concentration of aggressive hydrochloric acid, which, among other things, dissolves uninvited guests. However, it turned out that Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is very tenacious.

The natural reservoir of HP is primarily humans, but infection is also found in domestic cats, non-human monkeys and pigs. There are two possible routes of transmission: fecal-oral and, to a lesser extent, oral-oral.

The most common is the fecal-oral route. The bacterium is transmitted through contaminated drinking water or by eating raw vegetables that have been watered with untreated wastewater.

. HP can survive up to two weeks in cold sea and river water.

The oral-oral route is less common. Doctors have data on the high survival rate of HP on dental plaque and in saliva.

Classification

According to etiology, chronic gastritis is divided into three main forms:

type A (autoimmune) - fundic gastritis; inflammation is caused by antibodies to the lining cells of the stomach. Usually accompanied by the development of pernicious anemia;
type B (bacterial) - antral gastritis associated with contamination of the gastric mucosa by Helicobacter pylori bacteria - accounts for up to 90% of all cases of chronic gastritis;
type C (chemical) - develops as a result of the reflux of bile and lysolecithin into the stomach during duodenogastric reflux or as a result of taking certain classes of drugs (NSAIDs, etc.)

In addition, there are also mixed - AB, AC and additional (medicinal, alcoholic, etc.) types of chronic gastritis.

Topographically distinguished:

gastritis of the body of the stomach;
gastritis of the antrum of the stomach;
gastritis of the fundus of the stomach;
pangastritis.

Chronic gastritis and functional dyspepsia

Chronic gastritis, manifested by persistent structural changes in the gastric mucosa, most often has no clinical manifestations. In Western countries, the diagnosis of “chronic gastritis” is rarely made recently; the doctor usually focuses on the symptoms of the disease and, on its basis, uses the term “functional dyspepsia”. In Russia, on the contrary, the diagnosis of “functional dyspepsia” is made very rarely; the diagnosis of “chronic gastritis” is used many times more often. In Japan, the country with the highest incidence of gastric cancer, the diagnoses of “chronic gastritis” and “functional dyspepsia” are combined, thereby indicating the presence or absence of changes in the gastric mucosa and/or corresponding clinical symptoms.

Clinical manifestations

Chronic gastritis is clinically manifested by both local and general disorders, which, as a rule, appear during periods of exacerbation:

Local disorders are characterized by symptoms of dyspepsia (heaviness and a feeling of pressure, fullness in the epigastric region, appearing or intensifying during meals or shortly after eating, belching, regurgitation, nausea, unpleasant taste in the mouth, burning in the epigastrium, often heartburn, which indicates a violation of evacuation from the stomach and reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus). These manifestations more often occur in certain forms of chronic antral gastritis, which lead to impaired gastric emptying, increased intragastric pressure, increased gastroesophageal reflux and exacerbation of all of these symptoms. In chronic gastritis of the body of the stomach, manifestations are rare and are reduced mainly to heaviness in the epigastric region that occurs during or shortly after eating.

In patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis, which occurs for a long time with increased secretory function of the stomach, signs of “intestinal” dyspepsia may appear in the form of defecation disorders. They are often episodic in nature and often become the basis for the formation of irritable bowel syndrome (gastrointestinal, gastrointestinal reflux).

General disorders can be manifested by the following syndromes:

weakness, irritability, disorders of the cardiovascular system - cardialgia, arrhythmia, arterial instability;
patients with atrophic chronic gastritis may develop a symptom complex similar to dumping syndrome (sudden weakness, pallor, sweating, drowsiness, occurring soon after eating), sometimes combined with intestinal disorders, with an imperative urge to stool;
in patients with chronic gastritis of the body of the stomach and the development of B12-deficiency anemia, weakness, increased fatigue, drowsiness appear, there is a decrease in vitality and loss of interest in life; there is pain and burning in the mouth, tongue, symmetrical paresthesia in the lower and upper extremities;
in patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated antral chronic gastritis with high acidity, ulcer-like symptoms may develop, indicating a possible pre-ulcerative condition.

Data on the number of registered patients with chronic gastritis for 2017-2019.

In Diagram 1 you can see a sharp increase in patients in 2022 compared to 2017-2018.

Statistics were also taken on patients taken under dispensary observation in the Valuysky district (Diagram 2).

Diagram 2

Data on registered patients with chronic gastritis taken under dispensary observation

In this diagram, you can see that the number of patients taken for medical examination has increased significantly over three years, as well as the number of patients taken under clinical observation with a newly diagnosed diagnosis.

More detailed data on diseases of the digestive system in elderly and senile people in the Valuysky district for 2016-2018 can be viewed in the diagrams presented below.

The following charts will compare the number of registered patients among age groups.

Diagram 3

Comparison of the number of patients with chronic gastritis among children (from 0 to 17 years inclusive) for 2017-2019.

From the above diagram it can be understood that the peak incidence of chronic gastritis among children was in 2022.

Diagram 4

Comparison of the number of patients with chronic gastritis among adults (18 and over) for 2017-2019.

From Chart 4, we can conclude that the highest incidence rate among adults was in 2022, but this level is slightly higher than the number of patients in 2022 and 2022.

Diagram 5

Comparison of the number of patients with chronic gastritis among adults over working age (from 55 years old for women and from 60 years old for men) for 2017-2019.

Analyzing the data in the above diagram, you can see that the number of registered patients in 2018-2019 increased approximately three times compared to 2022.

Thus, we can conclude that over the past three years, the number of patients with chronic gastritis among children and adults has remained at approximately the same level, but among adults over working age there has been an increase in the number of patients.

In Diagram 1 you can see a sharp increase in patients in 2022 compared to 2017-2018.

Statistics were also taken on patients taken under dispensary observation in the Valuysky district (Diagram 2).

Diagram 2

Data on registered patients with chronic gastritis taken under dispensary observation

More detailed data on diseases of the digestive system in elderly and senile people in the Valuysky district for 2016-2018 can be viewed in the diagrams presented below.

The following charts will compare the number of registered patients among age groups.

Diagram 3

Comparison of the number of patients with chronic gastritis among children (from 0 to 17 years inclusive) for 2017-2019.

From the above diagram it can be understood that the peak incidence of chronic gastritis among children was in 2022.

Diagram 4

Comparison of the number of patients with chronic gastritis among adults (18 and over) for 2017-2019.

From Chart 4, we can conclude that the highest incidence rate among adults was in 2022, but this level is slightly higher than the number of patients in 2022 and 2022.

Diagram 5

Comparison of the number of patients with chronic gastritis among adults over working age (from 55 years old for women and from 60 years old for men) for 2017-2019.

Analyzing the data in the above diagram, you can see that the number of registered patients in 2018-2019 increased approximately three times compared to 2022.

Diagnostics

Establishing a clinical diagnosis is based on determining the type of chronic gastritis, assessing the prevalence of morphological signs of the disease, the presence and severity of gastric dysfunction.

Stages of diagnosing chronic gastritis:

Clinical diagnosis - the patient’s complaints, anamnesis, examination data of the patient are analyzed, a presumptive diagnosis is made and a rational plan for instrumental examination is drawn up.
Endoscopic diagnosis with mandatory biopsy - the presence of Helicobacter pylori, the nature and localization of changes in the gastric mucosa, the presence of precancerous changes in the gastric mucosa are clarified. For a biopsy, at least 5 fragments are taken (2 from the antrum, 2 from the body of the stomach, 1 from the angle of the stomach).
Laboratory diagnostics - clinical blood test, biochemical blood test, clinical urine test, clinical stool test, stool occult blood test, detection of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Ultrasound examination of the liver, pancreas, gall bladder - to identify concomitant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
Intragastric pH-metry - determination of the state of secretion and diagnosis of functional disorders in acid-related gastrointestinal diseases.
Electrogastroenterography is a study of the motor-evacuation function of the gastrointestinal tract in order to determine duodenogastric reflux.
Manometry of the upper gastrointestinal tract, with the help of which the presence or absence of reflux gastritis is determined (normally in the duodenum the pressure is 80-130 mm water column, in patients with reflux gastritis it is increased to 200-240 mm water column .).

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Bibliographic description:

Ronzhin, I.V. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract / I.V. Ronzhin, E.A. Ponomareva. — Text: immediate // New tasks of modern medicine: materials of the IV International. scientific conf. (St. Petersburg, December 2016). - St. Petersburg: Svoe publishing house, 2016. - pp. 51-53. — URL: https://moluch.ru/conf/med/archive/239/11546/ (access date: 03/04/2022).

In this article the analysis of the statistics of digestive diseases in the Orenburg hospital. And shows how serious may be the consequences, if not to give proper attention to their health.

Key words: gastro-intestinal tract, causes, symptoms, prevention, recommendations

The purpose of our study is a statistical analysis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in the State Autonomous Institution of Orenburg Republic of Belarus. The relevance of the topic of this work is due to the importance of diseases of the digestive system, which are currently characterized by a sharp increase in their frequency and severe, fatal complications.

The causes of diseases of the digestive system are specific, but among them we can distinguish those that are characteristic of most diseases of the digestive system. All these reasons can be divided into external and internal. External causes include: unbalanced diet, fluid intake (alcohol, surrogates, water with dyes), medications, smoking, stress, microorganisms. Internal causes of gastrointestinal diseases include: genetic, intrauterine pathologies, autoimmune [1,2,4,5,6].

Based on the works of R. Sh. Vakhtangishvili, V. T. Ivashkin, T. L. Lapina, I. I. Degterev, as well as taking into account the results of the research of Ya. S. Zimmerman, we have identified the main symptoms of the diseases. We consider it possible to include here such symptoms as loss of appetite , white coating on the tongue, belching , heartburn , pain in the epigastric region, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, weight loss [2,3,5,8].

Having studied the statistics of gastrointestinal diseases on the basis of the State Autonomous Institution of the Orenburg Republic of Belarus, we presented statistical processing of the initial data, which makes it possible to analyze the dynamics of this disease in the Orenburg region.

Let's take a closer look at the statistics of gastrointestinal diseases in 2015. The most common diseases are diseases of the gallbladder, biliary tract - 213 (31.6%), pancreatic diseases - 127 (18.8%), hernias - 131 (19.4%), other intestinal diseases - 100 ( 14.8%). Thus, gastric and duodenal ulcers accounted for 6.7% (45) of the total number of gastrointestinal diseases675 (100%). Liver diseases were observed in 40 (5.9%) cases. Abscess of the anus and rectum occurred in 10 patients, which corresponds to 1.5% of the total number of diseases. Diseases of gastritis and duodenitis occur in 8 cases, which is 1.2%. Non-infectious enteritis and colitis are extremely rare - 1 (0.1%) disease.

Taking into account the results of scientific works [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8], we consider it advisable to highlight recommendations for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases, which consist of annual medical examinations, even if nothing worries you. After 40 years, it is recommended to conduct an annual ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs and esophagogastroduodenoscopy [7,8].

Thus, having studied the statistics of diseases in the city of Orenburg on the problem of gastrointestinal diseases, we assume that compliance with the above recommendations will help to avoid, as well as timely diagnose and identify pathological changes in the digestive organs and, as a result, promptly begin treatment of diseases not only of the digestive system, but of the entire the body as a whole.

Literature:

Ardatskaya M. Metabolic effects of dietary fiber / Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Coloproctology // M. Ardatskaya. – 2001-N4 – volume XI. — Appendix N14 — p. 91–102.

2. Vakhtangishvili R. Sh. Gastroenterology: diseases of the stomach / R. Sh. Vakhtangishvili, V. V. Krzhechkovskaya. - Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2007. - 669 p.

Gastroenterology: national guide / ed. V. T. Ivashkina, T. L. Lapina. - M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2008. - 704 p.
Gastroenterology: a guide for doctors / ed. E. I. Tkachenko. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "SpetsLit" LLC, 2013 - 637 p.
Degtyareva I. I. Clinical gastroenterology: a guide for doctors / I. I. Dyagtereva. - M.: Medical Information Agency, 2004. - 616 p.
Keshav S. Visual gastroenterology: textbook / trans. from English S. V. Demicheva; under. ed. V. T. Ivashkina. - M.:GEOTAR-Media, 2008. –136 p.
Guide to ultrasound diagnosis of diseases of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum / G. K. Zherlov [et al.]. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2005. - 208 p.
Zimmerman Ya. S. Clinical gastroenterology: selected sections / Ya. S. Zimmerman. - M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2009 - 416 p.

Key terms
(automatically generated)
: disease statistician, disease, digestive system.

Helicobacter pylori eradication

Main article: Helicobacter pylori eradication

Among other forms of chronic gastritis, Helicobacter pylori predominates - associated gastritis of the antrum of the stomach. For its treatment, the Maastricht III consensus meeting (2005) recommended a triple eradication regimen as first-line therapy, including one proton pump inhibitor and two antibacterial agents: clarithromycin and amoxicillin. If eradication fails, second-line therapy is proposed, including four drugs: a proton pump inhibitor, bismuth tripotassium dicitrate, metronidazole and tetracycline.

At the same time, a number of experts believe that due to possible problems that may arise as a result of taking antibiotics, it makes no sense to eradicate Helicobacter pylori, although there is a chance that it will help. At the same time, other doctors believe that some forms of gastritis, in particular Helicobacter pylori - associated atrophic gastritis, require mandatory eradication of Helicobacter pylori.

Diet

In case of exacerbation of gastritis, a gentle diet is necessary. Patients with gastritis are contraindicated in chocolate, coffee, carbonated drinks, alcohol, canned food, concentrates and substitutes of any products, herbs, spices, as well as fast food products, dishes that provoke fermentation (milk, sour cream, grapes, black bread, etc.) , smoked, fatty and fried foods, pastry products. At the same time, the diet should be varied and rich in proteins and vitamins. After the end of the acute condition, nutrition should become complete, observing the stimulating principle during the period of remission in patients with low acidity. Small meals are recommended, 5-6 times a day.