Constant dizziness and its causes

Diarrhea and cold sweat

If a person feels bouts of nausea, diarrhea, sweating, severe cramping pain in the abdomen, pallor, and weakness throughout the body, then this is a signal of poisoning, alcohol or food.
In this case, gastric lavage can provide emergency assistance. At home, this can be done by drinking a large amount of a pale pink solution of potassium permanganate and inducing vomiting. After this procedure, you need to drink an adsorbent. For food poisoning that causes diarrhea and cold sweats, your best bet is to take a few tablets of activated charcoal. This condition can end in a person very quickly. But, despite this, you should be on a strict diet for several days, consisting of crackers, rice water and oatmeal. Tea made from chamomile or mint flowers will also help calm the digestive organs. But in the case of a persistently severe condition, when sweating and diarrhea do not stop, and there is also a rise in temperature, you cannot do without the help of a specialist. It is even possible to place the patient in a hospital. But such symptoms manifest not only poisoning from drinks or food, but also the entry of pathogenic microorganisms into the body. In this case, a specialist can prescribe adequate treatment only after identifying the virus that caused the diarrhea.

Hyperhidrosis - symptoms and treatment

Treatment of primary hyperhidrosis is carried out quite often and effectively, but due to the complexity of the initial diagnosis, patients often visit many different specialists in search of an adequate method of treating the disease.[22]

In general, it is more correct to talk about the need for a multidisciplinary approach to treatment with the involvement of a general practitioner, endocrinologist, dermatologist, neurologist, psychotherapist and surgeon.[12] The doctor’s experience, knowledge of the problem of hyperhidrosis and the possibilities of eliminating it are of primary importance.

How to treat hyperhidrosis

The following approaches can be distinguished in the treatment of hyperhidrosis:

• drug therapy;
• local effect on the source of increased sweating;
• surgical treatment.

Drug therapy

In the treatment of hyperhidrosis, systemic medications are used. It is possible to significantly reduce sweating with the use of oral anticholinergic drugs. In most cases, such systemic treatment is effective, but, unfortunately, due to the frequent development of side effects, long-term use of these drugs is rarely possible.

Among the drugs approved for use in the Russian Federation, oxybutynin . Its daily use in small doses (less than 10 mg per day) can reduce sweating with minimal development of side effects of the drug. You should start with 2.5 mg, gradually increasing the dosage to 10 mg.[1][4][28]

There are also numerous publications on the use of a drug such as glycopyrrolate (only the inhalation form of this drug is registered in the Russian Federation). According to the literature, this remedy is quite effective, although its use is accompanied by side effects.[11]

Among other things, some doctors recommend broad-spectrum drugs - benzodiazepines, amitriptyline, gabapentin, clonidine, verapamil, beta blockers. Their use makes sense if they are prescribed for an underlying condition. These drugs, as a rule, are not used exclusively for the treatment of sweating.

Local treatment

Local impact on an area of ​​skin with increased sweating provides blockade of the problem area. There are several methods of such treatment.

Antiperspirants based on aluminum salts

This is the most common method of combating excessive sweating.[14]

The bulk of commercially available antiperspirants are absolutely useless for severe hyperhidrosis. In this case, only medical grade antiperspirants can help.

The effectiveness of an antiperspirant is determined by the concentration of aluminum salts (usually aluminum chlorides). At the initial stage, you can use a spray with a 10-12% concentration, but antiperspirants with a 15% concentration, as well as with 20%, 25% and 30% are most often used. Higher concentrations are very rarely used due to significant irritant effects on the skin.

The mechanism of action of antiperspirants: penetration of the active substance into the pores with the subsequent formation of metalloprotein plugs that prevent the release of sweat. The penetration process of the drug takes at least one hour after application, therefore the antiperspirant should be applied only at night before bed and only on dry skin. In the morning, the drug must be washed off.

IMPORTANT : The widespread advertising about applying antiperspirants in the morning after a shower is extremely incorrect. In this case, the sweat glands, active in the morning, will be further stimulated, and the sweat released will wash away the applied antiperspirant. Moreover, applying antiperspirant to a damp surface causes skin irritation similar to a chemical burn.

The effectiveness of treatment with antiperspirants is especially high for axillary hyperhidrosis. At the same time, you need to know that in the case of long-term treatment (3-4 years), atrophy of the sweat glands may develop, and, accordingly, a cure for hyperhidrosis. For mild forms of palmar and foot hyperhidrosis, this treatment can also be effective.

The popular literature often discusses the connection between the use of antiperspirants and the development of breast cancer, but there is no scientific basis for such a statement.

Iontophoresis (iontophoresis)

This physiotherapeutic method of treating primary hyperhidrosis is especially effective in cases of mild to moderate palmar and foot forms of the disease.[5][10]

Treatment is carried out in baths with plain water and aluminum electrodes placed at the bottom, through which a direct or pulsed electric current is passed.[14][16]

As a rule, procedures are carried out separately for arms and legs. They last 20-30 minutes. In total, 10-12 procedures are necessary to obtain the effect (preferably daily).

Once anhidrosis is achieved, the effect may last 2-3 weeks or longer, after which treatment is repeated. Another option to maintain the effect is preventive treatment every 4-5 days.

IMPORTANT : the method cannot be used if you have metal implants or cancer.

Botulinum toxin injections

This local method of getting rid of hyperhidrosis is effective for any localization of increased sweating (most often axillary).[10][14] Treatment consists of intradermal injections of the drug into areas of hyperhidrosis.

The action of the method is based on the absorption of the injected drug by the nerve endings, a fragment of which leads to blocking the release of acetylcholine.

Due to the speed, safety and high efficiency of the procedure, this method is now considered as the gold standard for the treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis. The duration of the effect is 6-8 months, after which repeated treatment is required.

Botulinum toxin injections are also effective for palmar hyperhidrosis, although they are used much less frequently due to the need to use higher doses. When treating this form, short-term weakening of the muscles of the thumb is possible (for 2-3 weeks), and therefore initial treatment is best carried out on one hand.

The method is less likely to be effective on feet with severe sweating, despite the use of high doses of the drug.

New methods of local treatment

New local treatments include microwave thermolysis of sweat glands,[25] radiofrequency microneedle therapy,[18] microfocus ultrasound and local hyperthermia.[15][22] All of them are applicable only for axillary forms of hyperhidrosis.

Local surgery

Local surgical treatment for hyperhidrosis in the armpits includes complete excision of the hyperhidrosis area, subcutaneous shaving, laser and suction curettage of areas of increased sweating.[2]

Excision is the most radical method. It is usually used when there is excess skin fold in the armpit area. It is highly effective, but is accompanied by a rather rough scarring process.

A lighter version is shaving - partial excision followed by visually controlled removal of the dermis layer.

Subcutaneous aspiration curettage can be considered a minimally invasive method. The operation is performed under local anesthesia. Instruments are inserted through a mini-incision to separate the axillary flap, followed by aspiration and curettage of the dermis until the skin flap is thinned. The method rarely leads to complete anhidrosis, but it significantly reduces the intensity of sweating.[29]

Treatment of hyperhidrosis with laser

Laser treatment for hyperhidrosis is used to eliminate axillary hyperhidrosis and is performed under local anesthesia. Exposure leads to damage to the sweat glands and a decrease in the severity or elimination of hyperhidrosis.

Contraindications for laser treatment of hyperhidrosis. The method has no side effects. Contraindications for laser treatment are intolerance to anesthesia and local inflammatory or scar processes. An acute inflammatory process is an absolute contraindication, scar changes are a relative contraindication, i.e. the procedure can be performed, but with certain technical difficulties or not always fully.

Surgical treatment

This approach to the treatment of hyperhidrosis involves surgical intervention on the sympathetic nerves - sympathectomy. There are two methods of endoscopic sympathectomy - thoracic (thoracic) and lumbar.

Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS)[19][22]

ETS is the only permanent treatment for palmar and facial hyperhidrosis. The operation is one-step, performed in one of the following ways:

• removal of ganglia (sympathectomy);[17]
• intersection of the sympathetic trunk between the ganglia (sympathicotomy);[19]
• intersection of sympathetic communicating branches (ramycotomy);
• clipping of the sympathetic trunk is the only reversible method of influencing the sympathetic trunk.

The operation is performed with the patient in the supine position with arms apart under endotracheal anesthesia (it is also possible to perform the operation with a laryngeal mask):

• A telescope and instruments are inserted into the pleural cavity through incisions in the armpits;
• at the required level, the sympathetic trunk is isolated and processed;
• after the lung is expanded, the ports are removed and the operation continues on the other side (no drains are left).

The intervention may be hampered by previous chest surgery or severe pneumonia with pleurisy.

The duration of the operation in experienced hands does not exceed 15-20 minutes. Typically, the patient can be discharged from the hospital within a few hours. The effect of the operation is immediate: the palms become dry (as a rule, forever) and warm (lasts three months). After the operation, there may be a short-term resumption of sweating within a week, which quickly passes. When using 5 mm instruments, minor pain may occur, which also lasts no longer than a week.

Relapses of hyperhidrosis are possible in approximately 10% of cases. They are associated with activation of the overlying sympathetic ganglia, which were not affected.

Complications are unlikely (mostly occur when treated by inexperienced doctors):

• erroneous impact on similar structures (accessory nerves);
• damage to the stellate ganglion with the development of Horner's syndrome;
• injury to the intercostal nerve or branches of the brachial plexus.

IMPORTANT : Sympathectomy is not recognized by all doctors due to the potential risk of developing compensatory hyperhidrosis. In most cases, such hyperhidrosis still occurs both immediately after surgery and several months later. It manifests itself in the form of inadequate sweating of the torso below the zone of influence on the sympathetic trunk: the back, chest, abdomen are usually affected, and less often the buttocks, thighs and popliteal areas. However, compensatory hyperhidrosis is easily tolerated and, as a rule, occurs only in the hot season, during physical activity and less often during excitement.[7]

Because of this possible condition, the patient should be thoroughly informed about the risk of side effects from the operation.

Approximately 4-5% of patients consider compensatory hyperhidrosis as a more serious problem than the original sweaty palms, and therefore strive to return everything to the way it was. The latter is only possible with clipping, when during a repeat operation the clips are removed, and within 6-12 months it is possible to restore the original state. The likelihood of reversion is higher with early treatment after the first operation.

A more complex option for returning to the original state is the formation of a nerve insertion from the sural or intercostal nerve. The most promising is considered to be reconstruction of the trunk using a surgical robot.

Endoscopic lumbar sympathectomy (ELS)[21][22]

EPS is the only permanent treatment for foot hyperhidrosis. It is less common due to its technical complexity, and also due to the fact that treatment is resorted to only in extreme cases, when the level of hyperhidrosis can be described as catastrophic - constantly wet feet to the point of visible streams of sweat.

The operation is performed under general anesthesia sequentially on both sides:

• a retroperitoneal cavity is created using an expander balloon;
• a video camera and two manipulators are introduced sequentially;
• the sympathetic trunk stands out and overlaps at the level of 3-5 lumbar vertebrae;
• the operation is repeated on the other side.

The effect of the operation is immediate.

Potential complications:

• risk of damage to the genitofemoral nerve, which leads to a feeling of numbness in the inner thigh;
• development of lymphocele - accumulation of lymph in tissues (rare).

Specific complications include postsympathectomy neuropathy. This condition develops 7-10 days after surgery and occurs in the form of pain of varying intensity in the lower abdomen, thighs and legs. This complication is observed in approximately 30% of those operated on, and most often it goes away on its own. Isolated cases of long-term persistent course of neuropathy have been described, which should be reported to patients in advance.

Information about the undesirable effects of surgery on the male genital area has not been confirmed.

As with thoracic sympathectomy, lumbar resection of the sympathetic nerve may be accompanied by increased general body sweating, but to a significantly lesser extent than after thoracic sympathectomy.

Choice of treatment method

The choice of treatment method depends on the location of the hyperhidrosis zone, its severity and the likelihood of developing side effects.

Axillary hyperhidrosis:

• antiperspirants - start with 15%, if ineffective, increase the concentration;
• botulinum toxin injections;
• local methods of physiotherapy and any of the new treatment methods;
• local surgical methods;
• sympathectomy - exclusively for a combination of palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis.

Palmar hyperhidrosis:

• antiperspirants - immediately start with 25-30%, the effect can be expected only with mild forms of hyperhidrosis;
• iontophoresis - for mild and moderate hyperhidrosis;
• botulinum toxin injections - help with any severity of hyperhidrosis, however, with a severe degree, increased doses are required, and the duration of the effect may be insignificant;
• endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy - helps with any degree of hyperhidrosis, but is most justified in severe cases.

Foot hyperhidrosis:[26]

• absorbent insoles and frequent changes of shoes - for mild forms of hyperhidrosis;
• antiperspirants - immediately start with 25-30%, the effect can be expected only with mild forms of hyperhidrosis;
• iontophoresis - mainly for mild and moderate hyperhidrosis;
• botulinum toxin injections - help with any severity of hyperhidrosis, however, with a severe degree, increased doses are required, and the duration of the effect may be insignificant;
• endoscopic lumbar sympathectomy - helps with any degree of hyperhidrosis, but is most justified in severe cases.[21]

Hyperhidrosis of the face and scalp:[23]

• therapy with systemic drugs - especially when sweating of the scalp predominates and hyperhidrosis occurs in adulthood;
• antiperspirants - no more than 10-12% due to the risk of skin irritation;
• botulinum toxin injections - only in the forehead and carefully in the perioral area due to the risk of blocking facial muscles;
• endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy - helps with any degree of hyperhidrosis, but is most justified with severe degrees (the risk of severe compensatory hyperhidrosis is higher than with surgery for palmar hyperhidrosis).

Perineal hyperhidrosis:

• therapy with systemic drugs;
• antiperspirants - start with 15%, if ineffective, increase the concentration;
• injections of botulinum toxins - after a detailed determination of the boundaries of hyperhidrosis and subject to careful administration in the perianal area.

Treatment of hyperhidrosis with folk remedies

Traditional medicine is a method whose effectiveness and safety have not been scientifically proven, so their use may be useless or cause harm to health.

Care at home

To reduce hyperhidrosis at home, you can use aluminum chloride antiperspirants.

Causes of diarrhea and sweating

Infectious poisoning occurs as a consequence of intoxication due to the absorption from the intestines and bloodstream of toxic toxins - waste products of pathogenic bacteria. In this case, the patient’s situation is much more serious. This form of pathology is not only difficult to diagnose, but it is also impossible to cope with it without the help of a specialist. The symptoms of infectious poisoning are as follows:

• Acute diarrhea and persistent vomiting;
• Severe general weakness;
• Cold sweat.

When these signs appear, vomiting should under no circumstances be restrained, since the expelled masses help cleanse the gastrointestinal tract of pathogenic microorganisms that have colonized it. Urgently at home, before the specialist arrives, you should rinse your stomach with a weak solution of potassium permanganate. A patient with sweat and diarrhea caused by pathogenic viruses or bacteria must be hospitalized in the infectious diseases department. Only there, after passing the necessary tests, will the correct drug treatment be prescribed. The therapeutic method uses drugs and droppers to help more quickly restore the water-alkaline balance. After them, weakness passes, diarrhea subsides and excessive sweating stops.

Also, in case of poisoning through infectious bacteria or viruses, the patient must follow a very strict diet, take antibiotics prescribed by the doctor, and drink plenty of fluids. The hospital stay of patients with this pathology continues for several days after the diarrhea and sweating have stopped. All meals for patients with toxic infection should be light and not contain foods that irritate the digestive tract. To avoid infectious poisoning, any person should follow the following preventive measures:

• Drink only purified, boiled or bottled water:
• When purchasing products, be sure to check their expiration dates;
• When preparing dishes from meat or fish, carry out longer heat treatment;
• Wash your hands thoroughly after each visit to the bathroom or before eating. Best with laundry soap.

These simple precautions will greatly reduce the risk of symptoms such as cold sweats and diarrhea.

Diagnostics

A general practitioner or specialist therapist will determine the factors that cause increased sweating. The main task of the examination is to detect the main cause - pathology, one of the symptoms of which is cold sweat. A diagnostic search involves conducting laboratory and instrumental methods for assessing the general condition of the body and the functioning of individual organs. The following studies are considered the most valuable:

• Cardiac diagnostics
  . To exclude cardiac causes of cold sweat, an electrocardiogram is recorded in standard leads. The recording evaluates the voltage of the teeth and the size of the intervals between them. If pathological signs are detected, echocardiography is performed to clarify the diagnosis.
• Neurological examination
  . A standard study includes checking deep and superficial reflexes, skin dermographism. To exclude vegetative-vascular disorders, the Danini-Aschner phenomenon and an orthostatic test are used. In some situations, recording an electroencephalogram is recommended.
• Functional tests
  . The methods are used when idiopathic hyperhidrosis is presumably considered as the main cause of cold sweat. The amount of sweating is assessed using evapometry and gravimetry. To measure the area and intensity of hyperhidrosis, the Minor test (iodine-starch test) is performed.
• Visualization methods
  . During the initial examination of patients with complaints of cold sweat, ultrasound of the abdominal and pelvic organs is informative. If there are concomitant symptoms, an X-ray examination of the chest and abdomen is indicated. Sometimes a CT scan or MRI is prescribed.
• Analyzes
  . A clinical blood test can detect signs of infectious diseases, which often manifest as cold sweats. A coagulogram is performed in the presence of bleeding. In all cases of the disorder, a biochemical blood test with a proteinogram and fasting glucose measurements are recommended.

The presence of a general infectious syndrome serves as an indication for bacteriological examination and serological tests to identify the type of pathogen (RIF, ELISA, PCR). With prolonged increased sweating, it is necessary to determine the concentration of insulin, thyroid hormones and adrenal cortex. Other specialists (endocrinologist, phthisiatrician, oncologist) may be involved in examining patients with cold sweat.

Why does a person sweat when there are problems with the gastrointestinal tract?

It is very unpleasant when stomach pain interferes with the normal rhythm of life.

Drawing, cutting pains can indicate not only hunger or overeating, but also be symptoms of serious illnesses.

Don’t rush to take painkillers, they may simply not help you. Moreover, self-medication can greatly harm your health.

Painkillers can hide the overall picture and it will be difficult for the doctor to make a diagnosis (for example, with appendicitis).

Causes and symptoms

Stomach pain can be accompanied by a bunch of additional symptoms:

• diarrhea;
• Constipation;
• high temperature;
• loss of appetite;
• sweating;
• weakness;
• vomiting, nausea.

And the reasons may be:

• poisoning;
• peptic ulcer;
• binge eating;
• presence of stones;
• various stomach diseases;
• gastritis, heartburn;
• appendicitis;
• worms and parasites;
• diseases of the spleen.

For gastritis

The most common stomach disease, characterized by nagging, cramping pain, is gastritis. It occurs due to poor nutrition, large amounts of spicy, fatty foods. Heaviness, nausea, lack of appetite, weakness and sweating occur.

It will not be possible to cure just one of the symptoms. In order to be sure that it is gastritis, you need to see a doctor who, based on the test results, will prescribe a comprehensive treatment. The disease can develop into something more serious, so you should not hesitate, you should immediately consult a doctor.

For Crohn's disease

This is a chronic disease in which inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract occurs. Abdominal pain, night sweats, diarrhea, sudden weight loss, high fever. You should definitely consult a doctor. The cause of this disease may be genetic factors, allergies, impaired local immunity, etc.

Tests that will need to be taken to ensure the diagnosis is correct:

• feces and urine;
• blood for sugar and leukocytes;
• hemoglobin in the blood.

Even surgical intervention is possible, but only in case of exacerbations. To normalize stool, you can take Imodium. If you have severe pain in the abdominal area, you should not take a hot bath or use pain-relieving ointments.

Some folk recipes will help improve the condition and get rid of symptoms:

• Sage decoction. Pour 100 grams of sage into 0.5 liters. Cold water. Cook over low heat for 10-15 minutes, cool, leave for 25 minutes and strain. Take a glass of this decoction three times a day.
• Unopened sunflower heads. Pour 200 milliliters of crushed sunflowers into 500 ml. medical alcohol and leave this solution for at least 8-9 days, strain. Take 1 tablespoon diluting 0.5 cups of boiled water. Drink this solution for 30 days, 2 times a day, half an hour before meals. After a month, take another course to consolidate the results.

Dizziness and tinnitus

S.Ya.Kosyakov, G.Z.Piskunov Dizziness
Introduction
Dizziness is a general term that characterizes a large number of symptoms.
In general, it means a pathological sensation of movement, it can also mean imbalance, lightheadedness, darkening of the eyes, disorientation, weakness and other sensations. Symptoms can vary in intensity from mild and short in duration to severe attacks of rotation accompanied by nausea and vomiting. To more accurately define symptoms, the following definitions are used: Dizziness:
a general concept describing symptoms of imbalance and stability.
Balance problems:
Difficulty maintaining balance, especially while standing and walking.
Presyncope:
A feeling of being “switched off”, similar to the sensation that occurs when holding your breath for a long time.
Systemic dizziness:
sensation of rotation, spinning, twisting of surrounding objects.
The ability to maintain balance is the result of a complex interaction of various organs and systems. The brain is the main center for processing all information about balance coming from the senses to the muscles that maintain balance. Information in the form of nerve impulses comes from the main systems: visual, vestibular, proprioceptive and tactile (joints and feet). Visual information is the most important for the brain and signals movement in relation to surrounding objects. Anatomy
There are two components of hearing: mechanical and electrical (neural).
The mechanical component ensures the delivery of sound waves through the external auditory canal, the movement of the eardrum and the three auditory ossicles in the middle ear. The inner ear is represented by a cochlea, consisting of two halves connected to each other and filled with liquid. The cochlea is responsible for the electrical component of hearing and converts a mechanical signal into an electrical one, which in turn goes to the brain. The other part of the inner ear is responsible for balance and the vestibular system. The three semicircular canals are located in mutually perpendicular planes. Depending on the direction of movement of the head, the fluid moves in the channels, the resulting electrical impulse is transmitted to the brain through the vestibular nerve, transmitting information about the direction of movement. The fluid in the inner ear is renewed daily. Its source of origin is cerebrospinal fluid, absorption occurs in the endolymphatic sac. In Meniere's disease, the absorption capacity of the endolymphatic sac deteriorates. Increased pressure in the inner ear leads to dizziness and decreased hearing. The facial nerve exists in close relationship with the ear. The facial nerve carries out movements of the facial muscles and allows the tip of the tongue to distinguish taste. When it is affected, the eye closes poorly, fluid pours out of the corner of the mouth, and facial movements on the affected side are impossible. Balance function
The balance function is ensured by the interaction in the brain of nerve impulses coming from the inner ear, neck muscles, muscles and joints of the lower extremities.
Disturbances in any of these systems can lead to a subjective feeling of dizziness and instability. General problems with body functions (such as low or high blood pressure, nearsightedness, and many others) can lead to dizziness by affecting the coordination of impulses in the brain. The brain's response to distorted or inconsistent impulses can lead to false sensations of movement (dizziness), which in turn leads to unsteady gait and falls. Dizziness is often accompanied by cold sweats, nausea and vomiting. Visual and muscle and joint signals (tactile and proprioceptive) to the brain warn us that we are moving on the right path or that our head is tilted. The brain interprets this information along with information from the vestibular system and gives the appropriate command to the muscles to maintain balance. Dizziness occurs when sensory information is distorted. Some people experience dizziness when they are in a high place, for example. This is partly due to the inability to focus on nearby objects. While standing on the ground, a person may sway slightly. A person maintains balance, identifies his body position relative to something. When standing in a high place, it is difficult for a person to correlate the position of his body relative to objects in the distance and, accordingly, it is more difficult to maintain balance. As a result, anxiety, fear, and dizziness may occur, which sometimes forces the person to sit down. There is an opinion that motion sickness, a disorder that occurs during sea motion, in a car, or in flight, occurs when the brain receives conflicting sensory information about the movement and position of the body. For example, when reading while driving in a car, the inner ear perceives the movement of the vehicle, but the gaze is fixed on a stationary book that does not move. As a result, sensory conflict can lead to typical symptoms of motion sickness, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Another form of dizziness occurs when you spin repeatedly and suddenly stop. Rotation causes movement of the endolymph. The movement of the endolymph causes impulses, which in turn tells the brain that we are moving, but other sensory systems report that we have stopped, so the patient feels dizzy. Causes of Dizziness
Dizziness can be classified into types depending on the part of the vestibular system that is not working properly.
Disturbances can occur at the level of the inner ear, brain, eyes and limbs (muscles of the back, neck, legs and joints that react to maintain our position). Dizziness due to the inner ear
Part of the inner ear (cochlea) is used for hearing, the other part is used for balance (labyrinth).
If there are disturbances in the labyrinth or in the nerve connecting it to the brain, this leads to dizziness. Various types of disorders in the inner ear can lead to vertigo, including Meniere's disease, labyrinthitis, positional vertigo, vestibular neuronitis, and nerve tumors. These disorders typically cause problems with balance, a sensation of spinning objects, and nausea. Also, these phenomena may be accompanied by tinnitus and hearing loss on the corresponding side. Dizziness of a central nature
The cause of dizziness of a central nature is usually a disturbance in the area of ​​the brain responsible for balance.
Symptoms may include lightheadedness, confusion, unsteadiness, and sometimes loss of consciousness. Causes of central vertigo include low blood sugar, low blood pressure, stroke, multiple sclerosis, migraines, head injuries, tumors and age-related changes. Treatment of this type of dizziness is usually associated with the elimination of problems leading to disruption of brain function. Muscular-articular dizziness
This type of dizziness is rare.
If there are diseases of the muscles, joints, or the sensitivity of the lower extremities is impaired, then difficulties arise in the body’s reaction to movement and in maintaining an upright position. Musculo-articular dizziness can be caused by: atrophic changes in muscles (muscular dystrophy), severe forms of diabetes, arthritis, joint implantation and trauma. Symptoms: Typically unsteadiness and poor balance. Visual dizziness
Unsteadiness of the eye muscles and poor vision can impair balance function.
The brain relies on visual information to maintain balance. Motion sickness in a car or at sea are examples of visual vertigo because the eyes are constantly fixated on a moving object and “confuse” the vestibular part of the brain. This leads to dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Dizziness is not a fatal condition and may improve with treatment, but balance problems may remain. Diagnosis of dizziness
Dizziness can be caused by various disorders in the body.
Based on the medical history and examination data, the doctor selects the required scope of examination to obtain a more complete picture of the disease. The usual set of examinations includes testing of hearing and vestibular function, computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance, blood tests, and ultrasound examination. The most commonly used test for dizziness is electronystagmography (ENG). This test measures inner ear endurance and eye coordination. The method involves observing eye movements while cold and warm air is blown into the external auditory canal. This usually causes a brief feeling of dizziness. It is important not to take medications before the test that could affect the test results (for example, Valium, alcohol, etc.). When ordering such an examination, it is necessary to find out from the doctor the effect of the medications taken on the test results. Transcranial Doppler sonography is another test specific for the examination of dizziness of vascular origin. It is a safe, quick way to see disturbances in blood flow in the parts of the brain responsible for balance. In addition, a computed tomography (CT) scan of the temporal bones and, in some cases, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be performed. The purpose of these examinations is to achieve confidence in the absence of a life-threatening pathology and to determine the exact location of the disorder. This is the basis for effective treatment. The scope of the examination is determined by the doctor in each specific case. Several tests are necessary to diagnose the cause. Perseverance and understanding are necessary for both the doctor and the patient, which is also the basis for effective treatment. The most common types of vertigo Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
BPPV is the most common type of vertigo.
With this disease, dizziness occurs only when the head position changes (usually when turning in bed, tilting the head backwards or forwards). This type of dizziness is caused by microcrystals that float in the fluid of the inner ear and cause a spinning sensation. The most common cause of BPPV is head trauma or viral infections, but sometimes it begins without any obvious cause. Treatment for BPPV consists of certain exercises to return the crystals to a place where they will not cause dizziness. When left at rest in a certain position for 48 hours, they often lock into place. Exercise may reduce symptoms. If these actions are ineffective, then surgical treatment (for example, occlusion of the posterior semicircular canal) may be necessary. Vestibular neuronitis
Neuronitis (nerve inflammation) usually occurs due to a viral infection and can affect the balance centers or the vestibular nerve.
When this happens, the balance centers in the brain are overstimulated, resulting in significant imbalance and systemic dizziness. Fortunately, vestibular neuronitis usually subsides over time and does not recur. Drugs such as betaserc help in the initial stage and reduce the severity of the main symptoms; later, vestibular rehabilitation exercises can speed up the recovery process. In some cases of persistent disease, surgical treatment is recommended. Meniere's disease (Endolymphatic hydrops)
Meniere's disease is a consequence of disorders in the inner ear due to increased pressure in the endolymphatic space.
This is usually due to increased sodium concentration in the fluids of the inner ear. In addition to imbalance that lasts for hours, patients may experience hearing fluctuations, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear. Sometimes the lesion affects both ears. The full cause of this disorder is not fully known. Sometimes attacks can be caused by excessive salt intake, anxiety, changes in weather, and other reasons. Treatment usually includes limiting salt intake and using diuretics, fluid restriction, sedatives and some other vestibular suppressants. Betaserc is the only drug created for long-term treatment of dizziness. Treatment helps reduce the severity of attacks, but complete cure of the disease cannot be achieved. Vestibular rehabilitation exercises can speed up the recovery process and increase the patient's resilience to vestibular disorders. All prescriptions of drugs should be carried out only by a doctor. For severe cases of Meniere's disease, surgical treatments are available. The list of these methods is long and more often they are destructive in nature for the structures responsible for balance. Vascular vertigo
The correct functioning of the balance system requires not only the flow of information into the inner ear, but also the appropriate transmission of impulses along the nerves to the brain.
If there is not enough blood flow to the areas of the brain responsible for balance, even for a short time, dizziness can occur. The causes of vascular dizziness are different. The phenomena of osteochondrosis in the cervical spine can lead to compression of the arteries leading to the brain; atherosclerotic plaques can narrow the arteries, also causing a decrease in blood flow. Often, blood pressure in the vessels leading to the brain may temporarily decrease when standing up suddenly, especially in older patients receiving blood pressure-lowering medications. Special examinations such as MRI or Doppler sonography help in diagnosing such diseases. Another rather rare cause of dizziness is Perilymphatic Fistula
. The inner ear is a space filled with fluid located in the temporal bone.
If fluid leaks from the structures of the inner ear, hearing loss may occur, which may be greater or less, and dizziness. Most often, fluid leaks through the membranes of the windows of the inner ear, which can occur after physical activity or injury. In some cases, there are congenital disorders that characterize an enlarged connection between the inner ear and the brain ("enlarged vestibular aqueduct"). Sometimes this can be seen with a special x-ray examination - computed tomography. Sometimes the site of the membrane rupture heals on its own, sometimes minor surgery is required. A perilymphatic fistula, or as it is also called, a labyrinthine fistula, can occur as a result of chronic inflammation of the middle ear, especially with cholesteatoma. Cholesteatoma is compacted skin scales. If there is a hole in the eardrum, the skin grows into the cavity of the middle ear, and its metabolic products, like the formation of a pearl, form a lump of cholesteatoma, which presses on the walls of the middle ear cavities and destroys the bone, in particular, the semicircular canal. Therefore, the treatment of chronic otitis media is very important, and when the hole is localized in the upper part of the eardrum (epitympanitis), it must be surgical, because Most often, cholesteatoma is found in these cases. Tumors
Rarely, tumors may be the cause of dizziness.
Most tumors are benign. Acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor of the vestibular nerve. The presence of a neuroma can lead to instability, hearing loss and noise. The most effective treatment method is surgery. Treatment of dizziness All questions regarding the treatment of dizziness and, in particular, taking medications should be discussed with your doctor.
Treatment in each specific case is selected individually and depends on age, severity of dizziness, concomitant diseases and many other factors.
Ear noise
Ear noise is a very common symptom.
The noise can be constant or periodic, of varying severity and frequency. The noise can be subjective (audible only to the patient) or objective (audible to others), and may or may not be associated with hearing loss. Noise is a symptom and not a disease and can occur in various diseases, such as pain in the arm or leg are symptoms of various diseases. Noise appears when the auditory nerve is irritated for various reasons. The noise may or may not be accompanied by hearing loss. Hearing is measured in decibels (dB). A hearing level of 0 to 25 dB is considered normal for the perception of spoken language. Hearing mechanisms
to understand the possible causes of noise in the ear, it is necessary to have some idea of ​​hearing mechanisms.
The mechanism of auditory perception is provided by the five main components: the outer ear, the middle ear, the inner ear, the paths and the brain. The outer ear
of the outer ear consists of an auricle and an external auditory pass.
These structures collect sound waves and transmit them to the eardrum. middle ear
is located between the eardrum and the inner ear.
This space contains three auditory bones: a hammer, an anvil and a stirrup. The fluctuations of the eardrum are transmitted through the auditory bones on the liquid of the inner ear. The middle ear lined with the mucous membrane is identical to the nose and contains mucous glands and blood vessels. The drum cavity is connected to the rear parts of the nose using the Eustachian pipe. Eustakhiev’s pipe is served to maintain equal pressure between the middle ear and the outer atmosphere. The feeling of clicking or congestion when height changes is a demonstration of the ventilation function of the Eustachian pipe. The inner ear
in the inner ear is in a dense bone capsule and contains liquids and auditory cells.
The cells are covered with delicate membrane with microscopic blood vessels. In the inner ear, fluctuations in the fluid as a result of the movements of the stirrup, are converted into electrical impulses in the nerve. Electric impulses arising in the inner ear are transmitted to the brain along the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve going into the brain is located in a small bone channel along with the vestibular and facial nerve. The brain
of the auditory nerve by reaching the brain is divided into many internal connections.
In the brain, nerve impulses are recognized as recognizable sounds. Ear noise,
most ear noise are heard only by patients - this is a subjective noise.
The noise that the patient himself hears, and someone is also called objective. Objective noise can be as a result of muscle cramps in the middle ear or auditory pipe, or due to anomalies of blood vessels of the surrounding the ear. Ear noise of muscle nature,
noise can be the result of muscle spasm attached to one of the auditory bones or the result of a spasm of muscles attached to the auditory pipe.
In the middle ear, there are two muscles: a stirmer that is attached to the stirrup and muscle pulling the drum overlain attached to the hammer. Usually these muscles quickly decline in response to loud noise or at fear. Sometimes one or two of these muscles begin to rhythmically contract for no apparent reason. These abbreviations can cause repeated noise in the ear. An annoying clicking usually passes on its own. The ear noise of muscle nature as a result of a spasm of various muscles of the pharynx is quite rare, but sometimes it can be if muscle spasm is long, then drug treatment (muscle relaxants) or surgical treatment (intersection of spasmodic muscles) is used. The ear noise of vascular nature
has two large blood vessels closely related to the middle and outer ear: jugular vein and sleepy artery.
These are large blood vessels supplying the brain with blood and carrying out its outflow. To hear your own heartbeat or noise of blood passing through these large vessels is not a normal phenomenon. Sometimes this phenomenon can occur at high temperature, infection of the middle ear, after intense physical activity. The noise of circulation in these situations is temporary and is not heard by others. Sometimes the noise of blood circulation becomes heard by another. This can happen due to the thickening of the wall of the blood vessel, the presence of bending or narrowing in the vessel. Further examination is necessary to identify the cause and choose the treatment of this pathology. Ear noise due to the outer ear
is the closure of the external auditory passage with a gray, foreign body, edema is leading to a decrease in hearing and pressure on the eardrum.
Often this leads to a pulsating type. Ear noise due to the middle ear,
impaired function of the middle ear may be the result of an allergic reaction, infection, injury, cicatricial changes and limitations of the mobility of the auditory bones.
These disorders often lead to hearing impairment and ear noise. However, there is no direct dependence between the degree of hearing loss and noise intensity. Ear noise due to the inner ear
any condition that violates the balance of fluid pressure in the inner ear can lead to an ear noise.
This may be the result of an allergic reaction, infection, circulatory disorders, which lead not only to changes in the liquids of the labyrinth, but also in the membrane structures of the inner ear. Ear noise due to damage to the tracking paths,
the most delicate structures of the mechanism responsible for the hearing.
Hair cells convert fluctuations in the fluid into nerve impulses. The most insignificant edema and violation of interference in the hair cells, regardless of the cause, lead to function and irritation. This can happen for various reasons: an allergic reaction, infection, edema, systemic diseases, both acute and chronic, toxic effects, sudden loud sounds and sensitive subjects, injuries, the effects of medications, minute changes in blood supply and diet changes. Pressure changes can cause swelling both outside and inside the nerve when passing in the bone tunnel to the brain. In these cases, ear noise occurs on one side. Because The bone tunnel cannot stretch, then due to compression, not only the auditory and vestibular functions suffer, but also the facial nerve. The gap or spasm of a small vessel that occurred somewhere in the auditory path causes compression and violation of circulation. Accordingly, under such conditions, a sudden noise may occur with complete or partial loss of auditory function. If the blood clot, then it can resolve with minimal consequences. Auro noise of brain nature
as a result of edema, pressure or circulation disorders for hypertension, atherosclerosis, as a result of the consequences of injuries, one or more complexes of the passing paths at the entrance and end of their brain can be involved.
In such situations, symptoms are usually localized on the one hand, in addition, the development of symptoms and signs can tell the doctor the place and prevalence of the lesion. The ear noise accompanying the decrease in
ear noise can be associated or not with hearing impairment.
With the coexistence of ear noise and hearing loss, the intensity of ear noise is not an indicator of the further development of hearing loss. Many patients with the advent of ear noise are afraid of the progression of hearing loss. However, these are often not interconnected things. All issues of ear noise treatment should be discussed with your doctor.
Thus, the treatment of dizziness and ear noise is a difficult task, which is possible only by the joint efforts of the doctor and the patient. High -quality hearing diagnosis plays a very important role in such a treatment. The sequence in identifying the causes of these conditions, in treatment and rehabilitation is an integral condition for achieving success.

Is it possible to treat yourself

It is best to see a doctor. He will prescribe examinations, tests and accurately diagnose you. Do not self-medicate. This doesn't lead to anything good. You are not able to make an accurate diagnosis on your own, which means that there is a risk that you are sick with something completely different from what you think.

Everything may turn out to be much more serious; you should not think that you can handle it on your own, without the results of tests and various examinations. You can’t delay; the sooner you start proper treatment, the less harm you will cause to your body.

Diarrhea and cold sweat

Quite often you can encounter a situation where a person’s general condition is good, but diarrhea

, the temperature remains normal. What in this case is the cause of this condition?

Often the cause of diarrhea without fever

is a neurotic state. In severe stressful situations, the body can react in this way. If the cause of diarrhea is a stressful situation, it is usually accompanied by a headache. Sometimes a similar situation arises in certain cases, for example, before going to the store. If this situation continues for a long time, then you need to contact a neurologist, who will refer you for an appropriate examination.

Another cause of diarrhea

without fever is a disease of the gastrointestinal system. For example, diseases such as stomach ulcers and gastritis may be accompanied by diarrhea, but the temperature will remain normal. The bloating that appears after eating will help determine this cause. These diseases are also accompanied by abdominal pain and heartburn. If there are suspicions of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, then it is necessary to be examined by a gastroenterologist. Everything related to diseases of the digestive system cannot be ignored.

the body gives a similar reaction

when taking various medications. If the cause of diarrhea without fever is medications, then you should immediately inform your doctor and stop taking them. Instead of these drugs, the doctor should prescribe more gentle methods of treatment.

Regardless of the cause of diarrhea

, which is not accompanied by an increase in temperature, it is necessary to begin treatment. Otherwise, the body quickly becomes dehydrated, which has a detrimental effect. To restore the body's water balance, it is necessary to give the patient warm still water or dried fruit compote.

Treatment of diarrhea without fever

After determining the cause of loose stools

The question arises - how to treat diarrhea?

If the cause of diarrhea is

If you are taking medications, you must stop treatment and start taking medications that improve the functioning of the pancreas (Pancreatin, Mezim). The course of treatment must be prescribed by a doctor and, as a rule, cannot last more than 14 days. If, after stopping the medications, a relapse occurs after a certain time, then you should not start taking the same medications yourself. It is necessary to consult a doctor who should combine a new treatment method.

If the appearance of diarrhea

is not associated with infection and medications, then treatment can be carried out at home. To do this, you should follow a light diet, exclude spicy and fatty foods, coffee, dairy products, and alcohol from the diet. It is necessary to drink a large volume of water per day to restore the water-salt balance. You can also try herbal decoctions (oak bark, chamomile, St. John's wort and others). Among the medications, loperamide, also known as Imodium, will help in the fight against loose stools. It should be understood that loperamide is a treatment only for irritable bowel syndrome due to neuroses; in most cases, it simply eliminates loose stools, but does not eliminate its cause.

The basic rule that is necessary

remember - treatment must be started immediately to avoid dehydration. In order to restore the salt balance in the body, you need to purchase special mixtures at the pharmacy that contain all the necessary vitamins and microelements to restore those lost during diarrhea.

In any case, you must consult a doctor

if diarrhea without fever appears in an infant or a child under three years of age. This is due to the fact that the causes can be quite severe. In some cases, for example, bloody diarrhea requires an urgent call to the ambulance.

Chronic diarrhea: causes and treatment

Diarrhea is considered chronic

when loose stools continue for more than three weeks. This diagnosis is made by a doctor after conducting the necessary examination. As a rule, chronic diarrhea is a sign of a disease or its consequence. After a complete examination, the doctor can confidently make a diagnosis.

Cause of chronic diarrhea

are disorders of the large or small intestine. Any professional, after examining stool, can determine what is causing frequent diarrhea.

The patient can independently determine whether it is in the large or small intestine

there was a malfunction. As a rule, disruption of the large intestine is accompanied by severe spasmodic pain. The urge to go to the toilet becomes quite frequent, but not every trip to the restroom is accompanied by a bowel movement.

The causes of all the above ailments

The following disturbances in the functioning of the body may occur: 1. Improper nutrition; 2. The presence of dysbacteriosis; 3. Allergic reaction; 4. Chronic diseases of the digestive system; 5. Nervous system disorders; 6. Effect of viral infection.

For the treatment of chronic diarrhea

It is necessary to approach it carefully and be sure to start with a visit to the doctor. The course of treatment is prescribed individually and carried out comprehensively. First, it is necessary to establish the cause of chronic diarrhea and eliminate it. As a rule, treatment is carried out using medications, including those mentioned above in the treatment of loose stools without fever. Basically, after taking a course of pills or other medications, chronic diarrhea goes away.

Any medication

should be supported by a light diet prescribed by a doctor. It is mandatory to comply with it. The diet is always the same and does not depend on the reasons that caused the appearance of this gastrointestinal disorder.

There are also a large number of folk methods

, which have proven themselves over a long period of time. However, you should not expect a positive result when using traditional methods and recipes. In some cases they can be a great way to solve a problem, in others they can cause harm. Therefore, be sure to consult a doctor if you notice chronic diarrhea.

Treatment

Help before diagnosis

Cold sweat can be a sign of various diseases, so only a doctor can determine the exact causes of unpleasant symptoms. Until the cause of sweating is determined, it is recommended to regularly take a hygienic shower and change bed linen more often. For severe sweating, sedatives are used to normalize the functioning of the nervous system. If cold sweat occurs against the background of severe weakness or dizziness, the patient needs to be seated, air access must be provided, and in case of fainting, ammonia should be given to sniff.

First aid for critical conditions

Conservative therapy

Medical tactics depend on the main cause of excessive sweating. In critical conditions, resuscitation measures, oxygen support and the administration of infusion glucose-saline solutions are required. In case of satisfactory condition, drug therapy is carried out. Cold sweat caused by autonomic dysfunction is treated using physiotherapeutic methods and psychotherapy. The treatment regimen may include the following groups of drugs:

• Sedatives
  . The remedies are effective when cold sweat is associated with disorders of the nervous system. Both herbal and synthetic medicines are used. In difficult situations, they resort to “daytime” tranquilizers.
• Analgesics
  . The occurrence of cold sticky sweat associated with pain requires the prescription of non-narcotic painkillers. For severe pain and traumatic shock, opioid analgesics are used.
• Antibacterial drugs
  . Medicines help eliminate sweating associated with infectious diseases. For tuberculosis, specific long-term treatment regimens are used with combinations of several anti-tuberculosis drugs.
• Thrombolytics
  . The drugs are prescribed to patients with myocardial infarction, which causes cold sweat. They allow you to restore blood supply to the heart muscle and significantly shorten the period of convalescence.