Vomiting in an infant, an infant vomited like a fountain

Vomiting in a child is often accompanied by additional alarming symptoms such as fever, signs of general intoxication, skin rash and other manifestations. It is important to know that nausea and vomiting in a child, even without external signs of anxiety, is an alarming signal that requires immediate consultation with a doctor for diagnosis. If vomiting is recorded systematically, is not accompanied by a strong deterioration in the child’s well-being and gradually goes away on its own, this does not mean at all that we can talk about the absolute health of the baby. Vomiting in children during the newborn period and in schoolchildren has fundamental differences: if in the first case there is a physiological feature, then in the second, vomiting can be a symptom of incipient functional disorders of the central nervous system or internal organs. What should parents do if sudden vomiting occurs? What can cause the pathology?

Causes of vomiting in a child

There are many reasons why a baby may vomit. It may be caused by the following factors:

Binge eating
Child illness or teething syndrome
Problems in the gastrointestinal tract
Air entering the stomach while eating
Large pieces of food

In some cases, vomiting in a baby does not cause concern - the regular rejection of a small part of food back into the oral cavity is called regurgitation. It is considered normal until a certain age and in the absence of other warning symptoms.

Vomiting in response to overeating

Feeding a child is a responsible task that requires attentiveness, especially if it concerns the baby in the first months of life. The rate of food consumption is individual for each child; with artificial feeding, the amount of formula prescribed by age may be too large for a particular baby. If the baby is fed with mother's milk, it is almost impossible to control the amount of food eaten. In response to exceeding the required volume of milk or formula, the infant vomits.

It is enough to simply determine that the contents of the stomach have left it due to overeating:

Vomiting occurs immediately after eating
Before this, the child bends over, screams non-stop, sticks out his tongue
There are no symptoms of the disease
Vomiting occurs once, with a maximum of one repetition

If part of the food is rejected, you should reduce the portions of food for the baby and monitor the further condition. If, when portions are reduced, the child continues to vomit after eating, there are serious reasons to inform the doctor about this.

When should you call a doctor immediately?

You need to urgently call an ambulance if your child:

Sluggish, as if he cannot sleep, does not eat, does not drink;
She cries a lot, it is clear that something is in great pain;
Doesn't go to the toilet, he's vomiting;
Fell, hit himself, lost consciousness, vomited;
Fell into a state of dehydration, very weak and lethargic;
After nausea, the temperature rose;
Following vomiting, diarrhea began;
Vomiting repeated more than 2 times;
There was profuse vomiting in a fountain;
Drops of blood are noticeable in the rejected masses; the color of the mass is brown or black;

What should you do before the doctor or ambulance arrives?

Adults should stay close to the baby and monitor the slightest changes in his condition. Because dehydration occurs very quickly, it is important to give your child something to drink immediately after vomiting. Even if the baby vomited after eating.

Babies who are fed breast milk need to be put to the breast. Give water from time to time.
For bottle-fed babies, offer formula. You cannot change the mixture to another. Additionally, give the baby a solution of Regidron (60-120 ml). This is the only drug allowed in this case. It is intended to avoid dehydration after vomiting.
Children who have been introduced to complementary foods can be offered applesauce, banana, and rice. Give Regidron solution.

You can drink from a spoon or bottle. It is allowed to use a syringe without a needle. Draw a little solution into the syringe and slowly squeeze it into the baby’s mouth. If the child wants more to drink, give more.

You can give rehydron. Instructions: take 1 liter of chilled boiled water and dilute 1 sachet in it. Give to baby in small portions. Store in the refrigerator (2° to 8°C) for no more than 24 hours. There is no need to interrupt breastfeeding or formula feeding. Rehydron can be given before and after meals.

Note! It is forbidden to feed a newborn with honey, juice, tea, broth, cow's and goat's milk, and various folk decoctions. They are not able to replenish the supply of lost electrolytes and will significantly harm the already weak baby.

You cannot give your baby anti-vomiting pills, anti-diarrhea pills, or lower the temperature - you will only harm him.

Pathologies in the development of the gastrointestinal tract

If an infant vomits like a fountain, it is most likely caused by problems with the gastrointestinal tract. In this case, they begin to appear closer to the second month of the baby’s life. These problems consist of regular vomiting about a couple of hours after feeding the baby. The amount of liquid released is usually greater than the amount eaten. Some of the milk is curdled and digested, this is explained by the retention of food in the stomach and its untimely entry into the baby’s intestines.

The consequences of congenital pathologies may be a lack of weight gain or weight loss, which requires careful monitoring by specialists and hospitalization if necessary.

When should you seek medical help?

There are a number of cases when you should be wary:

There is regular (more than 2 times a day) regurgitation in a fountain.
The regurgitation process does not stop after 6 months of life.
The child has an increase in body temperature.
The baby exhibits signs of dehydration and intoxication: weakness, headache, rare or frequent urination, etc.
Weight disorders. The child is not gaining weight.
The released food masses have a brown or yellowish tint, have the texture of sour milk, and an unpleasant odor.

Diseases of the central nervous system

If the central nervous system is damaged, infants may vomit regularly. Usually it manifests itself in the form of small but frequent regurgitation, less often - rejection of large amounts of food. Diseases that can cause this problem are the following:

Poor blood circulation in the brain
Various injuries, including concussion
High intracranial pressure
Brain tumors

Contacting a neurologist in case of frequent food rejection is necessary, because the neurological causes of this phenomenon must be treated as early as possible in order to achieve the desired result. As a rule, vomiting in infants with neurological diseases is accompanied by other signs of the disease:

Hypertonicity of muscles or, on the contrary, decreased tone
Tremor - trembling of the baby's hands, the chin may also tremble
Restless and interrupted sleep in the baby
Increased excitability of the baby or lethargy and lack of interest in what is happening around

It is important to identify neurological diseases at an early stage for the child’s future full life.

Features of occurrence

The causes of vomiting in a child can be caused by a number of provoking factors. Vomiting in children of different ages manifests itself in many ways. Thus, parents of newborn children will react much calmer to another discharge after sucking breast milk than parents of a child who goes to kindergarten or school.

The period of development of digestive processes can be determined individually for each child, but clinicians are inclined to believe that the appearance of vomiting always means some kind of disorder in the child’s body of various origins.

Often such conditions in children are transient in nature and only in cases of serious diseases of the internal organs can they accompany any exacerbation of pathologies.

Vomiting in newborns

Many people confuse newborn vomiting with regurgitation. In principle, there are no serious differences in both conditions due to the structure of the digestive tract in infants. The incoming liquid (breast milk, formula or water) passes unhindered to the stomach and tends to come back out without being fixed by the muscle sphincters. As the child ages, regurgitation becomes less due to the development of the intestinal muscles and gastrointestinal tract organs. That is why many doctors recommend holding the baby vertically after feeding so that excess air comes out and the nutritious milk remains in the stomach. In healthy children, regurgitation passes very quickly, episodes of vomiting are not recorded. Among the main causes of vomiting in an infant are:

low-quality products;
severe motion sickness when trying to put him to sleep;
improper nutrition of a nursing mother;
overheating (usually excessive wrapping);
overfeeding;
early complementary feeding;
fatty mixtures (for example, based on goat's milk):
eating disorder;
medications;
head injuries (for example, when a baby falls from a sofa or from changing tables);
increased intracranial pressure;
increased blood pressure (for example, with renal or liver failure);
vomiting when crying (prolonged, as a result of drying out of the oral mucosa);
after drinking too much water.

Often vomiting in a newborn baby is a symptom of some illness. At birth, the child is carefully examined and monitored once a month for a year. Pediatricians ask parents to react responsibly to phenomena such as vomiting, since in 80% of cases such episodes confirm the presence of certain diseases.

Causes of vomiting in children over one year of age

If infants can vaguely perceive various negative influences, then older children react much more vividly to unpleasant sensations, showing concern, fear, and anxiety. The main causes of vomiting in children after one year include:

severe intoxication of any nature;
food poisoning while eating (fruits, dairy products, meat, fish);
concussion;
psychoneurological conditions;
overfeeding, age-inappropriate table;
acute inflammatory conditions;
various intestinal infections.

A child aged one year or older understands that something is going wrong in his body. Some kids can show where it hurts and what is bothering them. At this moment, the child needs the attention of his parents, their care and control of the general condition of the body.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

When the organs of the epigastric space are affected, vomiting on the second or third day is practically the main symptom of diseases of any nature. Infectious or bacterial foci primarily affect the functionality of the gastrointestinal tract, as they are often considered the primary localization of the virus or parasite. The main causes of vomiting in children with gastrointestinal diseases include:

salmonellosis, acute dysentery, with dysbacteriosis;
acute stomach;
inguinal-scrotal or umbilical hernias;
stenosis;
intestinal flu;
gastritis or enterocolitis;
dysbiosis.

Often, vomiting of gastrointestinal origin is diagnosed in young children, when the only method of understanding the world is the mouth. Such vomiting with the smell of yeast indicates intestinal infections. Primary schoolchildren are also not capable of being overly careful when it comes to hand hygiene. In addition, among the children in the class there may simply be a carrier of a contagious disease. Children care little about hand hygiene, and parents or educators are not always able to monitor this point.

Pathologies of the skull and brain

Vomiting in cases of craniocerebral diseases is an alarming signal; it often signals serious damage to the brain and its cortex. Among the main reasons are:

frequent headaches;
concussion (for example, as a result of a fall, blow);
meningeal infections;
Bruns syndrome;
head injury as a result of the birth process;
posterior fossa syndrome;
increased intracranial pressure.

The danger of the clinical picture lies in the indomitability of vomiting and the general severity of the patient’s condition. Sometimes such patients are in a forced position, so children require constant care and rapid medical relief of vomiting.

Other diseases

Vomiting may be accompanied by a high temperature, but in some cases it is hyperthermia that causes vomiting. If vomiting occurs in the morning, doctors suspect infectious diseases, sepsis, meningeal pathologies, brain tumors, and appendicitis. Parents need to determine the nature of vomiting in the child - when it occurs, what contributes to the condition. Some diseases that cause this condition include:

severe allergic reactions;
temperature;
purulent diseases:
acute appendicitis;
foreign body in the stomach cavity;
metabolic disorders (electrolyte disturbances);
severe cough due to respiratory diseases;
hepatitis without manifestations of jaundice;
chronic renal failure (including replacement therapy);
endocrine diseases;
acute heart failure (for example, secondary cardiomyopathy in chronic renal failure);
epileptic disorders;
purulent or catarrhal otitis.

For example, a 10-year-old child may vomit if he swallowed water in the pool (many children feel sick after swimming from chloride components in the water, when swimming on a full stomach). There are many reasons to vomit from a child. If the child is small and cannot talk about his feelings, it is better to trust a professional with extensive practical experience. Clinicians argue that vomiting is a reaction to aggression (even potential) from external or internal negative factors.

External reasons

The impact of external factors can be classified as specific, since the sensitivity of the vomiting center is individual for each patient. Some may feel nauseous from a short car ride, while others will not feel the sea motion. The main specific causes of possible vomiting include:

motion sickness in any type of transport;
stressful situations;
fear and strong excitement before the event;
heatstroke;
fear during sleep;
reaction to teething.

It is important to understand that even one-time episodes of vomiting without a visible deterioration in the child’s well-being are a serious signal for a thorough examination of the body. Sometimes this condition is the first symptom of a disease that can still be cured in the early stages of development.

Vomiting in infectious diseases

Unlike other causes, infectious diseases cause vomiting and fever in the infant. All diseases caused by infection are divided into 2 groups:

Intestinal infections
Acute infectious diseases

Depending on the cause, your child may have additional problems.

Acute intestinal infections

The disease occurs due to pathogens entering the child’s gastrointestinal tract - bacteria and viruses that penetrate the oral cavity when the child tries to eat something dirty or suck on unwashed hands. In addition to vomiting during intestinal infections, the following signs of the disease are present:

Diarrhea
Sharp pain in the abdomen, due to which the baby bends his legs to his stomach and screams
Increased body temperature

If these symptoms occur, you should call an ambulance immediately. Frequent vomiting and loose stools in an infant can cause dehydration, which requires immediate fluid replacement using droppers.

Acute infectious diseases

Vomiting is common when a child is ill and is caused by various infections. It occurs with sore throat, ARVI, pneumonia and otitis media. As a rule, with these diseases, vomiting occurs in response to food intake. In addition, the baby experiences an increase in temperature, general weakness, drowsiness, capricious mood and lack of appetite. During the examination, the doctor pays attention to inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose and throat. A cough appears.

More serious diseases, the first signs of which may be vomiting, are meningitis and encephalitis. With these diseases, vomiting is regular and the amount of food rejected is large. The baby screams loudly and continuously, hides from bright light, and convulsions may occur.

If these symptoms occur, you should immediately call an ambulance, as the disease can be fatal.

Vomiting as a pathological condition

Vomiting is a spontaneous contractile act of the gastric cavity muscles with the return of its contents through the mouth. In medicine, the following identical terms are used: autamesia, anabolia, blennemesis, gastrorrhea, hematomesis, hydremesis, hyperemesia, acute pyemesis. The condition can occur both as a result of severe intoxication by various pathogens, and as a result of pathological changes in the function of certain organs and systems.

The gag reflex is considered a common occurrence in children of early and school age, when the final formation of immunity, digestive organs, determination of diet and other factors occurs. An important aspect is the growing up of the child.

It is known that at different periods of life - from newborns to school age, a child goes through certain stages of growing up associated with a certain psychological load (knowing the world, communicating with peers, moving to a new kindergarten, parental divorce, etc.). A child may react to a strong psycho-emotional stress, regardless of its shade, by vomiting. If a single vomiting occurs under certain circumstances, it is enough for parents to observe the child’s condition. If your general condition worsens, with frequent episodes of bowel movements, with fever, diarrhea and other symptoms, you should seek medical help.

Poisoning in a baby and vomiting in response to complementary foods

Often parents strive to introduce new foods into their baby’s diet as quickly as possible. The age at which a baby is ready to eat new food is different for everyone, the inscriptions on jars of puree and grandmother’s advice are not the main criterion for the need to introduce adult foods. When introducing new foods to your baby, you should carefully monitor his reaction. If vomiting occurs immediately after eating or after some time, you should postpone the time of complementary feeding and continue to feed the baby with breast milk or formula.

A child who is already actively consuming pureed foods from various foods may also be susceptible to vomiting. It can be caused by poor quality nutrition or violation of storage conditions. It should be noted that small deviations from the ideal quality of products are enough for a child to cause poisoning. It is determined by the following symptoms:

Vomit
Diarrhea
Sharp pain in the abdomen
Temperature increase
Weakness and increased sweating

If you experience frequent vomiting, diarrhea and fever, you should call a doctor to decide on hospitalization; there is a risk of dehydration, which is very dangerous for the baby.

General symptoms

Vomiting in a baby without parallel symptoms is a rather rare clinical situation. Typically, vomiting is accompanied by depression of well-being, decreased activity, fever, diarrhea, redness of the skin and agitation. It is the accompanying pathologies that help to get as close as possible to the source of the gag reflex and identify the possible cause even before laboratory and instrumental diagnostics.

Vomiting without fever

Non-fever vomiting in children at any age, no matter at 4 years old, 7 years old, 8 years old or 10 years old, is not considered a separate ailment. Sometimes there is severe nausea without vomiting. This is also considered an episode worthy of the attention of doctors. Therapy aimed at eliminating only vomiting will sooner or later lead to the resumption of the condition. Possible diseases that cause vomiting without hyperthermic manifestations include:

diseases of the epigastric organs (severe diarrhea, pain, belching);
severe metabolic disorders (no appetite, lethargy);
intoxication (food, medications, persistent pathologies of internal organs):
diseases of the central nervous system (anxiety, vomiting in the morning, loss of appetite, uncontrollability, psychosomatic disorders);
head injury of any nature.

Many parents are relieved when episodes of vomiting are not accompanied by fever and appear for no reason. The child seems to be in no danger. But those who are especially attentive understand that such an attack is not a normal reaction of the body against the backdrop of the baby’s absolute health. If there is any suspicion of various diseases during vomiting, you should consult a doctor.

Vomiting at fever

Temperature is accompanied by the course of the inflammatory process and infectious damage to the body. Vomiting at fever requires immediate medical attention due to the high risk of complications (severe intoxication, generalized sepsis). Typically, treatment of this pathology is carried out in a hospital. A simultaneous increase in temperature and vomiting may be associated with intestinal infections. If the temperature with fever began first, and vomiting 1-2 days later, then this is the condition that can provoke the release of vomit. If vomiting occurs long before the elevated temperature, for example, the day before the event, then this can be either a symptom of an ordinary acute respiratory infection or a sign of incipient meningitis.

Treatment of vomiting in a child

As a rule, when they talk about treating vomiting, they mean ways to stop it. It makes no sense to treat vomiting, because it is not a disease, but just a sign of some disease. You can alleviate your baby’s condition and protect him from serious consequences in the following ways:

Replenishing fluid in the body. In no case should you give your child a lot to drink immediately after vomiting; there is a risk of repeated and even greater rejection of the fluid by the body. You should often give your child a spoonful of water every 5-10 minutes. Formula and breastfeeding also need to be given to the child very carefully, little by little, and only in cases where the baby categorically refuses water.
Keeping your baby upright even while sleeping. If this is not possible (the child refuses to sleep in this position), it is necessary to place the baby on his side and constantly monitor him. This is necessary to prevent vomit from entering the baby’s respiratory tract, which can cause respiratory arrest.
Do not give your baby a pacifier during active vomiting. When the baby is feeling unwell, it tries to calm down by sucking it and is not always able to throw it away at the right time. The consequence is the ingestion of vomit, which aggravates the situation, or its entry into the respiratory tract, which can lead to a tragic outcome.

Classification of vomiting

Vomiting can occur for a number of reasons in children of any age. With a burdened clinical history of the child, vomiting indicates an exacerbation of certain chronic diseases. The nature of vomiting depends on the presence of a concomitant disease, which is an episodic trigger for vomiting.

Cerebral

Often recorded when serous, acute tuberculous meningitis is detected. If differential diagnosis allows you to quickly identify meningeal tuberculosis in the acute form, then in the serous form the symptoms are often blurred and develop much more slowly. Often vomiting is the first sign of the development of a pathological condition in a child.

Hepatogenic

Develops during the course of viral hepatitis of the anicteric type. Hepatitis is accompanied by meningeal or encephalitic signs. In clinical practice, vomiting due to pathologies of the liver structures has been associated with secondary kidney diseases.

Renal

Develops in acute or chronic renal failure, as well as in inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract (pyelonephritis, acute nephritis, severe cystitis, etc.). Against the background of chronic renal failure, there is a gradual intoxication of the body. If the disease is at the pre-dialysis stage, then attacks of vomiting may signal an exacerbation of the disease. Another sign of vomiting in chronic renal failure is high blood pressure and hypertensive crises. Sharp jumps in blood pressure in children with chronic renal failure are secondary in nature and are closely related to possible damage to the cardiovascular system.

Cardiac

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Occurs against the background of acute heart failure, with various pathologies of the heart parts of various origins. Thus, vomiting can occur with myocarditis (inflammation of the myocardium), cardiomyopathy of any etiology, with a decrease in myocardial contractility. Cardiac vomiting is accompanied by severe anxiety in the child, sometimes panic and fear, lack of appetite, pale and pasty skin, and dry mucous membranes. During attacks of acute heart failure, involuntary bowel movements occur. Often cardiac vomiting requires emergency resuscitation measures that can save the child's life.

Bloody

Bloody vomiting is a consequence of nosebleeds. This occurs due to excessive ingestion of blood. Sometimes it can be a symptom of gastric ulceration. If vomiting mixed with blood occurs in the morning, at night or immediately after breakfast, then varicose veins of the esophagus are suspected.

Psychogenic

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Psychogenic factors and vomiting in children are a separate section of clinical medicine and pediatrics. The relationship between strong emotional states of any shade (joy, fear, danger, interest, anger, strong excitement) is determined by the degree of sensitivity of the vomiting center and nerve endings in the gastric cavity. Psychologists and psychiatrists classify some categories of vomiting as mental disorders of the child. This usually occurs in children aged 9-10 years, when demonstrative burping begins, children begin to burp out of habit. Typically, psychogenic vomiting is not accompanied by symptoms of intoxication or poisoning; it occurs as a causeless phenomenon due to various bacterial or parasitic pathogens.

The main manifestations may be strong emotional arousal, sweating of the palms, and cooling of the extremities. Psychologists and pediatricians note the likelihood of demonstrative vomiting to attract the attention of adults to one’s personality. Vomiting of a psychogenic nature can occur in young children and infants as a result of force-feeding by their parents. Gag reflexes of this kind are classified as autonomic disorders and require monitoring by neurologists and psychiatrists. Any episode must be monitored, fluids given, and emotional peace provided.

Acetonemic syndrome

The condition is otherwise called an acetone crisis, when a large amount of acetone or acetoacetic acid accumulates in the blood. Typically, this syndrome is observed in cases of serious kidney pathologies and other lesions of internal organs. The condition is accompanied by severe agitation and pain. Organic liquid (urine, vomit, feces) smells like acetone; the child may vomit with the smell of rotten eggs, with the smell of fermentation. These signs are a serious reason to contact specialists. After vomiting with the smell of acetone, it is necessary to give more liquid and exclude food for up to 8 hours. Alkaline mineral water or a decoction of dried fruits are suitable for drinking. If the child refuses to drink, the infusion must be given with a special pipette or syringe without a needle. The drinking rate during an acetonemic crisis is about 100 ml per kg of child’s body weight.

Cyclic ketonemic, diabetic and abdominal vomiting occur. Each has its own characteristics. It is acetonemic vomiting that is most often diagnosed, attacks of which usually alternate with the satisfactory condition of the little patient. Episodes of gagging in children are classified according to the stages of occurrence:

primary (otherwise, idiopathic) can be from an incorrect diet: long hungry pauses, an abundance of fatty foods);
secondary, appearing against the background of pathologies of organs and systems.

Diagnosis and treatment of vomiting feces is the domain of doctors. Parents need to respond in a timely manner to changes in the child’s condition, record each episode, examine the consistency and determine the visual composition of the vomit. This way the doctor will save time on making a diagnosis, and the child’s recovery will be significantly accelerated. In some cases, the child’s life depends on the actions of the parents.

Ways to prevent feeding-related vomiting

Vomiting is often referred to as periodic regurgitation caused by air entering the stomach. If this happens infrequently, and the volume of vomit is very small, this is not a pathology and is considered a normal phenomenon, which is typical for most babies. You can reduce the amount of regurgitation by doing the following:

Laying the baby on his tummy for 15-20 minutes before feeding
Ensure proper latching on the breast when feeding your mother's milk
Select a suitable nipple for the bottle when feeding infant formula
After eating, hold the child upright for a while, so the air from the stomach will come out faster and easier, leaving everything eaten inside

Sometimes vomiting occurs during a sudden transition from breastfeeding to artificial feeding or when replacing one infant formula with another. In this case, you should cancel the power replacement and make it gradually and carefully. Regardless of the causes of vomiting in an infant, you should report it to your pediatrician to rule out pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract and infectious diseases. If necessary, the doctor will advise you to visit a neurologist to rule out problems with the child’s central nervous system.

What to do to make regurgitation disappear

There are a number of recommendations that can help young mothers reduce regurgitation to a minimum:

Before feeding

The baby should be calm. There is no need to disturb him or shake him. It is better to give a relaxing massage with warm hands.
You need to massage your tummy clockwise, in a circular motion, and do not press under any circumstances. Mom's touch has a calming effect on the child's nervous system.
The mother herself also needs to be balanced and calm, because her psychological state is transmitted to the newborn. Babies are very sensitive, good for mother - good for child. Mom is tense and nervous—the baby will behave the same way.

During feeding

A newborn should eat its quota; there is no need to overfeed, otherwise the excess will come out in the form of regurgitation.
The position of the baby's body plays a significant role. He should lie comfortably and correctly: the head is not thrown back, the spine is straight, the arms are free, not pressed down, the nose is clean and breathes well.
It is important that the baby latch onto the breast correctly, otherwise he will swallow excess air and then after eating he will vomit it, and with it the milk he has eaten. The baby should capture not only one nipple, but the entire areola. The mouth should be wide open, the lower lip turned outward. If your baby doesn't take the entire areola, put your finger in his mouth, gently pull out the nipple and try again. Take the nipple with 2-3 fingers, squeeze it a little and put it in the baby's mouth. If the lip is not turned out again, try sticking it out with your finger.
Continue until your baby latch onto the breast in the correct way. This is significant, because then the peristalsis of the stomach begins to work as it should, the baby sucks out all the milk, it is easy and tasty for him, and the mother is not in pain.
If your newborn is bottle-fed, use special slow-flow bottles. The nipples in these bottles are designed in such a way as to prevent the swallowing of excess air and the formation of colic. You can buy bottles at a pharmacy or any specialized children's store.

After feeding

It is necessary for the baby to continue lying for 1-2 minutes.
Then, very carefully and without sudden movements, lift vertically, lift slowly, not all at once, otherwise regurgitation is guaranteed. Hold the baby in this position for at least 2-5 minutes. Some people need more time, some less.
After a specified period of time, the baby will belch to release the excess air that he swallowed while eating.
After burping, it is better to put the little one to bed.

If the formula is not entirely suitable for the baby, it can be replaced with another. But this is possible only with the permission of the pediatrician. He will assess the baby's condition and decide whether switching to a new formula would be beneficial.

There is nothing pathological in the fact that a baby feels sick from the introduced complementary foods. Again, it is necessary to consult a doctor. He will tell you which products to introduce first and which ones to put off for a while.